Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY Edited by A. H. ROSE School of Biological Sciences Bath University, UK and D. W. TEMPEST Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Universiteit van Amsterdam The Netherlands Volume 25 1984 ACADEMIC PRESS (HurcourfBrace Jouunouich Publishers) London Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Sgo Paulo A C A D E M I C PRESS INC. ( L O N D O N ) L T D . 2 4 2 8 Oval Road London NW1 7DX US.Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.) Orlando. Florida 32887 Copyright 0 1984 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. AN Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN 0- 12-027725-5 ISSN 0065-291 1 Printed in Great Britain at the Alden Press, Oxford Contributors Thomas M. Buttke Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA. Iain M. Campbell Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA Leland N. Edmunds, Jr Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Lonnie O’Neal Ingram Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, IFAS, and Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 3261 1, USA D. H. Jennings Botany Department, The University, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, England N. Van Uden Laboratory of Microbiology, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Apartado 14, 2781 Oeiras Codex, Portugal This Page Intentionally Left Blank Quarter and half-way stages on the way to the attainment of a century-be it a life span, a reign or merely a series of book volumes-are often used as an occasion on which to ponder, perhaps celebrate, or just depart temporarily from normal practice. We are taking the opportunity of the publication of this, the 25th volume of Advances in Microbial Physiology, to do something different and present the first ever Preface to appear in this series. Since Volume 1 appeared (in 1967), 111 reviews have been published in Advances. Throughout, our aim has been (and here we speak also for our erstwhile colleagues, John F. Wilkinson and J. Gareth Morris, who shared in editing 14 of these books) to provide in each volume about five articles covering a variety of aspects of microbial physiology. When asking authors to write for us, we have been in the relatively fortunate position of being able to offer them a substantial amount of space-which is where, generally, we score over our competitors-as well as few restrictions on the use of illustrative material (tables and figures). Indeed, having agreed on the particular area of physiology to be reviewed, all we have asked of authors is that they make their articles as broadly based as possible. Feedback from colleagues-be they using Advances for teaching or to feel their way into new areas of research, or both-indicates that comprehensive articles that provide a broad overview are preferred. And discussions with fellow microbial physiologists lead us to conclude that our policy has, on the whole, worked well; moreover Academic Press concur. Hence unless you, our readers, convince us to the contrary, the formula for the next 25 volumes will probably show little change. That does not mean, however, that experiments will not be tried, or that suggestions for improvement in subject coverage or presentation would not be welcome. Times are hard in the