E-Book Content
Encyclopedia of Revolutionary America
Encyclopedia of Revolutionary America
Encyclopedia of Revolutionary America
Paul A. Gilje Foreword by Gary B. Nash, Consulting Editor
To Ann
Encyclopedia of Revolutionary America Copyright © 2010 Paul A. Gilje All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gilje, Paul A., 1951– â•… Encyclopedia of revolutionary America / Paul A. Gilje ; foreword by Gary B. Nash. â•…â•… v. cm. â•… Includes bibliographical references and index. â•… Contents: v. 1. A to G — v. 2. H to R — v. 3. S to Z. â•… ISBN 978-0-8160-6505-9 (hc : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4381-2965-5 (e-book) 1. United States—History—Revolution, 1775– 1783—Encyclopedias. 2. United States—History—1783–1815—Encyclopedias. [1. United States—History—Revolution, 1775–1783—Encyclopedias. 2. United States— History—1783–1815—Encyclopedias.] I. Title. â•… E208.G55 2010 â•… 973.3—dc22 2009013596 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erik Lindstrom Illustrations by Dale Williams Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services Cover printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich. Book printed and bound by Sheridan Books, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich. Date printed: July 2010 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
★
Contents List of entries vii Acknowledgments xv Foreword xvi Introduction xviii
Entries A to Z 1
★
List of Entries
Abercromby, James abolition Acadians Adams, Abigail Adams, Hannah Adams, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Samuel “Adams and Liberty” Africa African Americans agriculture Alamance, Battle of Alaska Albany Congress alcohol Alexander I Alexander, William Alien and Sedition Acts Allen, Andrew Allen, Ethan Allen, Richard Allen, William Alline, Henry Allston, Washington almanacs American Fur Company American Philosophical Society American Revolution Ames, Fisher Amherst, Jeffrey Amherst, first baron Amiens, Peace of Anderson, Alexander André, John
Anglicans Anglo-French wars animals Annapolis Convention Anti-Federalists antislavery Arbuthnot, Marriot architecture Armstrong, John Armstrong, John Army, U.S. Arnold, Benedict Arnold, Margaret (Peggy) Shippen art Articles of Confederation artisans Asbury, Francis Association, the Astor, John Jacob Astoria Atlantic Ocean Attakullakulla Attucks, Crispus Auchmuty, Robert, Jr. Augusta, Georgia, first siege of Augusta, second siege of Aupaumut, Hendrick Autosse, Battle of Bache, Benjamin Franklin Backus, Isaac Bahamas Bainbridge, William Baker, Remember
Baldwin, Abraham Ballard, Martha Baltimore, Battle of Baltimore riots Bank of North America Bank of the United States bankruptcy laws banks Banneker, Benjamin Baptists Baratarian pirates Barbary Wars Baring, house of Barlow, Joel Barlow, Nathan Barney, Joshua Barras, Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, comte de Barré, Isaac Barren Hill, Battle of Barron, James Barry, John Bartlett, Josiah Barton, Benjamin Smith Bartram, John Bartram, William Bassett, Richard Bavarian Illuminati Bayard, James Beaumarchais, PierreAugustin Caron de Beaver Dams, Battle of Beckwith, Sir George Bedford, Gunn