Introduction To Nondestructive Testing : A Training Guide

INTRODUCTION TO NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING A Training Guide Second Edition PAUL E. MIX A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Mix, Paul E. Introduction to nondestructive testing : a training guide / Paul E. Mix.— 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN-13 978-0-471-42029-3 (cloth) ISBN-10 0-471-42029-8 (cloth) 1. Nondestructive testing. I. Title. TA417. 2. M59 2005 620. 1¢127–dc22 2004020584 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to the memory of Robert C. McMaster (1913–1985) and Friedrich Foerster (1908–1999), who were pioneers in the field of nondestructive testing and shared a common interest in electromagnetic testing. As a young engineer working for DuPont, under contract to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the ASNT’s Nondestructive Testing Handbook and CRC’s Handbook of Chemistry and Physics quickly became indispensable reference sources. CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2 xxv Digital Technology, 1 Smaller Is Better, 2 Medical Marvels, 5 Improving Shuttle Safety, 6 Airport Security, 9 Process Control, 9 Instrument Synchronization with PXI, 10 PCI vs. PXI, 11 60,000-Mile-High Elevator, 11 Proliferation of Information, 12 Acoustic Emissions 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 1 15 Principles and Theory, 15 Signal Propagation, 16 Physical Considerations, 16 The AE Process Chain, 17 Time Considerations, 18 AE Parameters, 18 The AE Measurement Chain, 20 2.7.1 Coupling Agents, 21 2.7.2 AE Sensors, 21 vii viii CONTENTS 2.8 2.