The Psychology Of Goals

The Psychology of Goals The Psychology of Goals edited by Gordon B. Moskowitz Heidi Grant THE GUILFORD PRESS New York   London © 2009 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Last digit is print number:  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The psychology of goals / edited by Gordon B. Moskowitz and Heidi Grant. — 1st ed.    p. cm.   ISBN 978-1-60623-029-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)   1.  Goal (Psychology)  2.  Motivation (Psychology)  I.  Moskowitz, Gordon B. II.  Grant, Heidi.   BF505.6P78 2009.   153.8—dc22 2008050377 About the Editors Gordon B. Moskowitz, PhD, is a social psychologist and Associate Professor of Psychology at Lehigh University. His research examines the relationship between social cognition and goals, with particular emphasis on the implicit nature of each. Person perception, social judgment, stereotyping, and stereotype control are typically used as the content areas in which these issues are explored. Dr. Moskowitz has received funding from the German Science Foundation and the National Science Foundation to support this research, and has written articles for the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Social Cognition, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, and European Review of Social Psychology. In addition to The Psychology of Goals, his other published books include Cognitive Social Psychology and Social Cognition. Dr. Moskowitz is currently investigating the implicit nature of control and self-regulation, with a focus on creativity goals and egalitarian goals and the impact of each on controlling stereotyping. Prior to his position at Lehigh University, Dr. Moskowitz was a faculty member at Princeton University for seven years and the University of Konstanz for one year. Prior to these posts, Dr. Moskowitz was a postdoctoral scholar at the Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research for one year, following doctoral training in psychology at New York University. Heidi Grant, PhD, is a social psychologist and Assistant Professor of Psychology at Lehigh University. Her primary interest lies in understanding individual responses to setbacks and challenges, and how these responses are shaped by the types of goals pursued. Dr. Grant’s research, funded by the National Science Foundation, has explored how goal content impacts self-regulation, achievement, person perception, persuasion, and well-being. She has coauthored articles in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, European Journal of Social Psychology, and Judgment and Decision Making. Dr. Grant is currently investigating the impact of goal difficulty and obstacles to the pursuit of achievement goals, and the development of a successful classroom learning goal intervention. Prior to her position at Lehigh University, she was a postdoctoral researcher at New York University. v Contributors John A. Bargh, PhD, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Elliot T. Berkman, MA, Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Tanya L. Chartrand, PhD, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Ruud Custers, PhD, Department of Social and Organizational Psyc