E-Book Content
MICHEL FOUCAULT
Security, Territory, Population LECTURES AT THE COLLÈGE DE FRANCE, 1977-78
Edited by Michel Senellart General Editors: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana
English Series Editor: Arnold I. Davidson
TRANSLATED BY GRAHAM BURCHELL
palgrave macmillan
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CONTENTS
Foreword: François Ewald and Alessandro Fontana
Introduction: Arnold I. Davidson
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11 JANUARY 1978 General perspective of the lectures: the study of bio-power. ~ Five proposals on the analysis of mechanisms of power. ~ Legal system, disciplinary mechanisms, and security apparatuses (dispositifs). Two examples: (a) the punishment of theft; (b) the treatment of leprosy, plague, and smallpox. ~ General features of security apparatuses (1): the spaces of security. ~ The example of the town. ~ Three examples of planning urban space in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: (a) Alexandre Le Maître’s La Métropolitée (1682); (b) Richelieu; (c) Nantes.
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18 JANUARY 1978 General features of the apparatuses of security (II): relationship to the event: the art of governing and treatment of the uncertain (l’aléatoire). – The problem of scarcity (la disette) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. – From the mercantilists to the physiocrats. – Differences between apparatuses of security and disciplinary mechanisms in ways of dealing with the event. – The new governmental rationality and the
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emergence of “population.” – Conclusion on liberalism: liberty as ideology and technique of government. three
25 JANUARY 1978 General features of apparatuses of security (III). – Normation (normation) and normalization. – The example of the epidemic (smallpox) and inoculation campaigns in the eighteenth century. – The emergence of new notions: case, risk, danger, and crisis. – The forms of normalization in discipline and in mechanisms of security. – Deployment of a new political technology: the government of populations. – The problem of population in the mercantilists and the physiocrats. – The population as operator (operateur) of transformations in domains of knowledge: from the analysis of wealth to political economy, from natural history to biology, from general grammar to historical philology.
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1 FEBRUARY 1978 The problem of “government” in the sixteenth century. ~ Multiplicity of practices of government (government of self, government of souls, government of children, etcetera). ~ The specific problem of the government of the state. ~ The point of repulsion of the literature on government: Machiavelli’s The Prince. ~ Brief history of the reception of The Prince until the nineteenth century. ~ The art of government distinct from the Prince’s simple artfulness. ~ Example of this new art of government: Guillaume de la Perrière Le Miroir politique (1555). ~ A government that finds its end in the “things” to be directed. ~
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Decline of law to the advantage of a variety of tactics. ~ The historical and institutional obstacles to the implementation of this art of government until the eighteenth century. ~ The problem of population an essential factor in unblocking the art of government. ~ The triangle formed by government, population, and political economy. ~ Questions of method: the project of a history of “governmentality.” Overvaluation of the problem of the State. five
8 FEBRUARY 1978 Why study governmentality? ~ The problem of the State and population. ~ Reminder of the general project: triple displacement of the analysis in relation to (a) the institution, (b) the function, and (c) the object. ~ The stake of this year’s lectures. ~ Elements for a history of “government.” Its semantic field from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. ~ The idea of the government of men. Its sources: (A) The organization