Dynamic Meteorology

64226 > CD ^ CO > DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY BY BERNHARD HAURWITZ, PH.D. Chairman of the Department of Meteorology College of Engineering, New York University FIRST EDITION SIXTH IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, NEW YORK AND LONDON 1941 INC. DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY COPYRIGHT, 1941, BY THE McGRAW-HiLL BOOK COMPANY, INC. PKINTED IN THE UNITED STATE8 OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or may not be reproduced parts thereof, in any form without permission of the publishers. THE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA. PREFACE The largely great progress of meteorology in recent years has been due to the application of the laws of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics to the study of the atmosphere and its motions. It is the aim of this book to give an account of these investigations and their results, with regard to applications to weather forecasting and to research. No previous knowledge of meteorology is assumed, although training in general meteorology will facilitate the study of the book. A large number of references to literature some preliminary have been given in order to enable the reader to consult the The material presented has been the subject of original papers. lecture courses on Dynamic Meteorology given at the University Toronto during the past six years as part of the meteoroby the university in cooperation with the Meteorological Service of Canada. The scope of the book is, in the main, a theoretical discussion of the various phenomena, of logical course offered without a complete descriptive account of the observed phe- nomena and of the actual practical applications of the theory. The mathematical technique has been kept as simple as possible. Readers who are sufficiently well versed in advanced mathematical methods will know how to obtain solutions for many of the specific problems discussed here by more elegant mathematical methods. Thus, the derivation of the equations of motion on the rotating earth (Sec. 45) could be shortened greatly by the use of vector analysis. Where more advanced results of thermodynamics or of hydrodynamics are used, they have been explained briefly, but the reader will do well to remember that this book does not deal with these subjects but with dynamic meteorology and that for a thorough study of thermodynamical or hydrodynamical problems, specialized textbooks should be consulted. The problems are chosen partly to supplement the text with material of secondary importance and partly to indicate the possibilities of practical applications. PREFACE vi The formulas are numbered according to the decimal system. The number before the period refers to the section in which the formula appears, the number after the period indicates the The formula with the position of the formula in the section. smaller number comes first. Thus (17.21) precedes (17.3), but follows (17.2). The author is indebted to Dr. W. Elsasser for permission to reproduce Fig. 21, to the editors of Nature for permission to reproduce Fig. 24, to Prof. J. Bjerknes for permission to reproduce Figs. 45, 79, 80, 86, 89, to Prof. S. Petterssen for permission to reproduce Figs. 55 to 57, to Sir Napier Shaw and Messrs. Constable and Co. for permission to reproduce Fig. 81, and to Mr. C. M. Penner and the National Research Council of Canada for permission to reproduce Figs. 84 and 85. Owing to the present war, it has been impossible to approach all the authors and publishers concerned for permission to reproduce diagrams which appeared in their publications. The author offers his apologies for this