ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 60 CONTRIBUTORS TO THISVOLUME G. BOATO J . P. BOUTOT P. CANTINI 0. DRAGOUN B. R. HUNT J. NUSSLI M. P. S m w D. VALLAT N . YILDIRIM Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITED BY PETER W. HAWKES Lahoratoire d’optique Electronique du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifiqide Toulorrse, France VOLUME 60 I983 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Paris San Diego San Francisco Sao Paulo Sydney Tokyo Toronto COPYRIGHT @ 1983, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART O F THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED I N ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM T HE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 1 1 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, N e w York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published b y ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ( L O N D O N ) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London N W 1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER:49-7504 ISBN 0-12-014660-6 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 83848586 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ix Internal Conversion-Electron Spectroscopy 0. DRAGOUN I . Introduction and Historical Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . Theory of Internal Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. IV. V. VI . VII . VIII . Experimental Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Experimental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Theory with Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . Role of Internal Conversion in Nuclear Spectroscopy . . . . . . Environmental Effects on Internal Conversion . . . . . . . . . Summary and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 22 43 60 61 71 82 84 Diffraction of Neutral Atoms and Molecules from Crystalline Surfaces G . BOATOA N D €? CANTINI I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1. I11. IV. V. VI . VII . General Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantum Theory of Atom-Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . Structural Information from Elastic Diffraction . . . . . . . . . Information on the Surface Potential Well . . . . . . . . . . . Information on Surface Lattice Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 98 111 129 138 146 155 156 Digital Image Processing B . R . HUNT I. I1. 111. IV. V. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Image Restoration (Deblurring) . . . . . . . Image Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . Reconstruction from Projections . . . . . . Steps toward Image Analysis/Computer Vision References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 163 192 207 215 219 vi CONTENTS Recent Trends in Photomultipliers for Nuclear Physics J . BOUTOT.J . NUSSLI.AND D . VALLAT I . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 . State of the Art of Photomultiplier Technology . . . . . . . . . 111. Present Situation on Main Photomultiplier Characteristics . . . . 1V. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 224 262 299 300 The