E-Book Overview
The threat of biological weapons has never attracted as much public attention as in the past five years. Current concerns largely relate to the threat of weapons acquisition and use by rogue states or by terrorists. But the threat has deeper roots—it has been evident for fifty years that biological agents could be used to cause mass casualties and large-scale economic damage. Yet there has been little historical analysis of such weapons over the past half-century.
<em>Deadly Cultures sets out to fill this gap by analyzing the historical developments since 1945 and addressing three central issues: Why have states continued or begun programs for acquiring biological weapons? Why have states terminated biological weapons programs? How have states demonstrated that they have truly terminated their biological weapons programs?
We now live in a world in which the basic knowledge needed to develop biological weapons is more widely available than ever before. <em>Deadly Cultures provides the lessons from history that we urgently need in order to strengthen the long-standing prohibition of biological weapons.
E-Book Content
D E A D LY C U L T U R E S
Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando, Editors
Deadly Cultures Biological Weapons since 1945
H A RVA R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England 2006
Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deadly cultures : biological weapons since 1945 / Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-01699-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Biological weapons—Testing. 2. Biological weapons—Research. I. Wheelis, Mark. II. Rózsa, Lajos, 1961– III. Dando, Malcolm. UG447.8.D43 2005 358′.3882′09—dc22 2005050225
Contents
1
Preface
vii
Abbreviations
ix
Historical Context and Overview
1
Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando
2
The US Biological Weapons Program
9
John Ellis van Courtland Moon
3
The UK Biological Weapons Program
47
Brian Balmer
4
The Canadian Biological Weapons Program and the Tripartite Alliance
84
Donald Avery
5
The French Biological Weapons Program
108
Olivier Lepick
6
The Soviet Biological Weapons Program
132
John Hart
7
Biological Weapons in Non-Soviet Warsaw Pact Countries
157
Lajos Rózsa and Kathryn Nixdorff
8
The Iraqi Biological Weapons Program
169
Graham S. Pearson
9
The South African Biological Weapons Program Chandré Gould and Alastair Hay
191
vi
10
Contents
Anticrop Biological Weapons Programs
213
Simon M. Whitby
11
Antianimal Biological Weapons Programs
224
Piers Millet
12
Midspectrum Incapacitant Programs
236
Malcolm Dando and Martin Furmanski
13
Allegations of Biological Weapons Use
252
Martin Furmanski and Mark Wheelis
14
Terrorist Use of Biological Weapons
284
Mark Wheelis and Masaaki Sugishima
15
The Politics of Biological Disarmament
304
Marie Isabelle Chevrier
16
Legal Constraints on Biological Weapons
329
Nicholas A. Sims
17
Analysis and Implications
355
Malcolm Dando, Graham Pearson, Lajos Rózsa, Julian Perry Robinson, and