E-Book Overview
The threat of biological weapons has never attracted as much public attention as in the past five years. Current concerns largely relate to the threat of weapons acquisition and use by rogue states or by terrorists. But the threat has deeper roots—it has been evident for fifty years that biological agents could be used to cause mass casualties and large-scale economic damage. Yet there has been little historical analysis of such weapons over the past half-century. <em>Deadly Cultures sets out to fill this gap by analyzing the historical developments since 1945 and addressing three central issues: Why have states continued or begun programs for acquiring biological weapons? Why have states terminated biological weapons programs? How have states demonstrated that they have truly terminated their biological weapons programs? We now live in a world in which the basic knowledge needed to develop biological weapons is more widely available than ever before. <em>Deadly Cultures provides the lessons from history that we urgently need in order to strengthen the long-standing prohibition of biological weapons.
E-Book Content
D E A D LY C U L T U R E S Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando, Editors Deadly Cultures Biological Weapons since 1945 H A RVA R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England 2006 Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deadly cultures : biological weapons since 1945 / Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-01699-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Biological weapons—Testing. 2. Biological weapons—Research. I. Wheelis, Mark. II. Rózsa, Lajos, 1961– III. Dando, Malcolm. UG447.8.D43 2005 358′.3882′09—dc22 2005050225 Contents 1 Preface vii Abbreviations ix Historical Context and Overview 1 Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando 2 The US Biological Weapons Program 9 John Ellis van Courtland Moon 3 The UK Biological Weapons Program 47 Brian Balmer 4 The Canadian Biological Weapons Program and the Tripartite Alliance 84 Donald Avery 5 The French Biological Weapons Program 108 Olivier Lepick 6 The Soviet Biological Weapons Program 132 John Hart 7 Biological Weapons in Non-Soviet Warsaw Pact Countries 157 Lajos Rózsa and Kathryn Nixdorff 8 The Iraqi Biological Weapons Program 169 Graham S. Pearson 9 The South African Biological Weapons Program Chandré Gould and Alastair Hay 191 vi 10 Contents Anticrop Biological Weapons Programs 213 Simon M. Whitby 11 Antianimal Biological Weapons Programs 224 Piers Millet 12 Midspectrum Incapacitant Programs 236 Malcolm Dando and Martin Furmanski 13 Allegations of Biological Weapons Use 252 Martin Furmanski and Mark Wheelis 14 Terrorist Use of Biological Weapons 284 Mark Wheelis and Masaaki Sugishima 15 The Politics of Biological Disarmament 304 Marie Isabelle Chevrier 16 Legal Constraints on Biological Weapons 329 Nicholas A. Sims 17 Analysis and Implications 355 Malcolm Dando, Graham Pearson, Lajos Rózsa, Julian Perry Robinson, and