Wind Energy In The 21st Century: Economics, Policy, Technology And The Changing Electricity Industry

Wind Energy in the 21st Century Economics, Policy, Technology and Changing Electricity Industry Robert Y. Redlinger, Per Dannemand Andersen and Poul Erik Morthorst Wind Energy in the 21st Century Also by Robert Y. Redlinger TOOLS AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANN (with Joel Swisher and Gilberto Jannuzzi) Wind Energy in the 21st Century Economics, Policy, Technology and the Changing Electricity Industry Robert Y. Redlinger Regional Manager, Distributed Generation CMS Viron Energy Services, California Per Dannemand Andersen Senior Scientist Risø National Laboratory, Denmark and Poul Erik Morthorst Senior Research Specialist Risø National Laboratory, Denmark UNEP United Nations Environment Programme © UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environme All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmissio this publication may be made without written permissi No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, co transmitted save with written permission or in accordan the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Ac or under the terms of any licence permitting limited co issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation t publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and c claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2002 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division a Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 0–333–79248–3 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Redlinger, Robert Y., 1963– Wind energy in the 21st century : economics, policy and the changing electricity industry / Robert Y. Redl Dannemand Andersen, and Poul Erik Morthorst. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–333–79248–3 1. Wind power. I. Title: Wind energy in the twenty–f II. Andersen, Per Dannemand, 1958– III. Morthorst, P 1951– IV. Title. TJ820.R43 2001 333.9’2—dc21 Contents List of Figures vi List of Tables ix Foreword by Klaus Toepfer xi Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xvi 1 Introduction 1 2 Wind Energy Resource Potential Worldwide installed capacity Energy in the wind Wind resource assessment and data limitations Global wind resource potential Future medium- to long-term implementation of wind power Large-scale implementation of wind power 22 32 3 Wind Turbine Technology and Industry A brief history of wind power utilisation Extracting energy fro