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Portuguese: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Portuguese. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language which combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Portuguese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and free from jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Portuguese as used by native speakers around the world.
The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the speaker and learner of Portuguese. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include coverage of European and Brazilian Portuguese, detailed contents list and index for easy access of information, full use of authentic examples, and coverage of traditional grammar and language functions.
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PORTUGUESE: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR
PORTUGUESE: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR Amélia P Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd
London and New York
First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © Amélia P.Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Hutchinson, Amélia P., 1949– Portuguese: an essential grammar/Amélia P.Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd. (Essential grammar) Includes index. 1. Portuguese language—Grammar. 2. Portuguese language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—English. I.Lloyd, Janet, 1968–. II. Title. III. Series. PC5067.3.H88 1996 469.82′421—dc20 96–36 ISBN 0-203-97865-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-415-13707-1 (hbk) 0-415-13708-X (pbk)
CONTENTS
PART I:
Foreword
xii
How to use this book
xiv
AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR 1
Pronunciation and spelling
2
1.1
Vowels
2
1.2
Consonants
3
1.3
Diphthongs
5
1.4
Stress
6
1.5
Accents
7
Nouns
8
2.1
Gender I: masculine and feminine
8
2.2
Gender II: forming the feminine
10
2.3
Number: forming the plural
13
2.4
Diminutives and augmentatives
15
2.5
Compound nouns
18
2.6
Collective nouns
19
Articles
20
3.1
Definite article
20
3.2
Use of the definite article
20
3.3
Omission of the definite article
21
3.4
Contraction of the definite article
22
3.5
Indefinite article
23
3.6
Use of the indefinite article
24
2
3
v
3.7
Omission of the indefinite article
25
3.8
Contraction of the indefinite article
25
Adjectives
27
4.1
Gender
27
4.2
Number
29