E-Book Overview
Portuguese: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Portuguese. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language which combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Portuguese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and free from jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Portuguese as used by native speakers around the world.
The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the speaker and learner of Portuguese. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features include coverage of European and Brazilian Portuguese, detailed contents list and index for easy access of information, full use of authentic examples, and coverage of traditional grammar and language functions.
E-Book Content
PORTUGUESE: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR PORTUGUESE: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR Amélia P Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd London and New York First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © Amélia P.Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Hutchinson, Amélia P., 1949– Portuguese: an essential grammar/Amélia P.Hutchinson and Janet Lloyd. (Essential grammar) Includes index. 1. Portuguese language—Grammar. 2. Portuguese language—Textbooks for foreign speakers—English. I.Lloyd, Janet, 1968–. II. Title. III. Series. PC5067.3.H88 1996 469.82′421—dc20 96–36 ISBN 0-203-97865-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-13707-1 (hbk) 0-415-13708-X (pbk) CONTENTS PART I: Foreword xii How to use this book xiv AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR 1 Pronunciation and spelling 2 1.1 Vowels 2 1.2 Consonants 3 1.3 Diphthongs 5 1.4 Stress 6 1.5 Accents 7 Nouns 8 2.1 Gender I: masculine and feminine 8 2.2 Gender II: forming the feminine 10 2.3 Number: forming the plural 13 2.4 Diminutives and augmentatives 15 2.5 Compound nouns 18 2.6 Collective nouns 19 Articles 20 3.1 Definite article 20 3.2 Use of the definite article 20 3.3 Omission of the definite article 21 3.4 Contraction of the definite article 22 3.5 Indefinite article 23 3.6 Use of the indefinite article 24 2 3 v 3.7 Omission of the indefinite article 25 3.8 Contraction of the indefinite article 25 Adjectives 27 4.1 Gender 27 4.2 Number 29