Norris Methods In Microbiology

METHODS in MICROBIOLOGY This Page Intentionally Left Blank METHODS in MICROBIOLOGY Edited by J. R. NORFUS Milstead Laboratory of Chemical Enzymology, Sittingbourne, Kent, England D. W.RIBBONS Department of Biochemistry, University of Miami School of Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Miami, Florida, U.S.A. Volume 2 @ 1970 ACADEMIC PRESS London and New York ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) L T D Berkeley Square House Berkeley Square, London, W l X 6BA US.Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 Copyright 0 1970 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) L T D All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-57745 SBN: 12-521502-9 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARDAND SONLIMITED DOMING,SURREY LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS D. E. BROWN, Biochemical Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, England J. BRYANT, Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd, Ulverston, England N . G. CARR,Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England R. ELSWORTH, 25 Potters Way, Laverstock, Salisbury, Wilts., England C. G. T. EVANS,Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, Salisbury, Wilts., England W . H . FOSTER, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Langley Court, Beckenham, Kent, England D. FREEDMAN, New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc., New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A. D. HERBERT, Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, Salisbury, Wilts., England H.-E. JACOB, Institut fur Mikrobiologie und Expernmtelle Therapie, Jma, D.D.R. D. G. MACLENNAN,I.C.I. L J , Agricultural Division, Billingham, Teed&, England RICHARDY. MORITA, Departments of Microbiology and Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. A. L. S. MUNRO, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland R. J. MUNSON, Medical Research Council Radiobiological Research Unit, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., England J. W. PATCHING, School of Biological Sciences, Bath University of Technology, Bath, Somerset, England G. A. PLATON, G. A. Platon Ltd, Basingstoke, Hants., England J. ~ I C I C A ,Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, Czechoslovakia A. H . ROSE,School of Biological Sciences, Bath University of Technology, Bath, Somerset, England D. W. TEMPEST, Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, Salisbury, Wilts., England R. 0.THOMSON, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Langley Court, Beckenham, Kent, England V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For permission to reproduce, in whole or in part, certain figures and diagrams we are grateful to the following publishersAlfa-Lava1 Co. Ltd; American Institute of Physics; Cambridge University Press; General Electric Co. Ltd; S. J. Johnson & Co. Ltd; Macmillan & Co., Ltd; Morgan-Grampian (Publishers) Ltd; Radio Corporation of America; Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research; Stella-Metafilters Ltd; Watson Marlow Ltd; Williams and Wilkins Company. Detailed acknowledgments are given in the legends to figures. Vi PREFACE Traditional methods of cultivation of micro-organisms provide little control over the ever-changing physical and chemical environments to which growing populations are exposed. The need for a variety of highly standardized conditions of growth and the selection of several new parameters to measure growth or cultural progress has been clearly recognized. This Volume describes the measurement and control of the physical and chemical factors which affect or indicate microbial activities, usually in homogeneous liquid culture. An introduction to the general principles of chemical and physical measurements, and