GENERAL STUDIES Paper-I For the Civil Services Preliminary Examination
General Science (Volume IV)
Edgar Thorpe Showick Thorpe
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Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia. No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 978-93-325-5871-7 978-93-325-4550-2 eISBN 978-93-325-XXXX-X Head Office: A-8 (A), 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, Sector 62, Noida 201 309, Uttar Pradesh, India. Registered Office: Module G4, Ground Floor, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block 2 & 9, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India. Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060 www.pearson.co.in, Email:
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Contents
1 BIOLOGY
4.1
4.1
The Science of Life
Origin of Life Living and Non-Living Organisms Four Groups of Biological Entities
Classification
4.1 4.2 4.3
4.3
Linnaeus System of Classification Modern Classification Systems Other Important Types of Classifications The Five Kingdoms Viruses Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae (Plant Kingdom) Kingdom Animalia (Animal Kingdom)
4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.11 4.12 4.12 4.13 4.15
4.19
Basic Cell Biology
The Cell Size and Shape of Cells Cell Biology: Chronology Cell Structure Cell Functions Cell Division: The Continuity of Life
Genetics
Nutrition
4.49 4.49 4.50 4.50
The Transport System in Organisms
4.52
Transport System in a Cell Transport System in Plants Transport System in Animals Blood Vascular System The Lymphatic System
4.52 4.53 4.54 4.55 4.61
4.65 4.65 4.68 4.69 4.69
4.19 4.19 4.19 4.19 4.21 4.24
Reproduction
4.71
4.72 4.72 4.72 4.73 4.74
4.27
Excretion, Osmoregulation and Thermoregulation4.77
4.34
4.41
Classification by Source of Energy and Carbon4.41 Plant Nutrition 4.42 Animal Nutrition 4.43 Human Diet 4.44 The Digestive System 4.47
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External and Internal Respiration Respiratory System in Plants Respiratory System in Insects Respiratory System in Humans and Animals
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Tissue Classification and Histology in Animals4.34 Tissue Classification and Morphology in Plants4.36
4.49
Bone and Skeleton System (Osteology) Ligaments (Syndesmology) Muscular System (Myology) Vertebrates
Genetic Diversity and Crossing Over 4.27 X and Y Chromosomes and Sex Determination4.28 Introduction to DNA 4.29 Types of Genetic Mutations 4.30 Genetic Engineering: Advantages and Disadvantages4.31 Genetic Control and Melanin 4.33
Tissue Classification And Histology
Respiration
Asexual Reproduction in Plants Asexual Reproduction in Animals Sexual Reproduction in Plants Sexual Reproduction in Animals Sexual Reproduction in Humans