Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association
Sixth Edition
Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association
American Psychological Association • Washington, DC
Copyright © 2010 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Electronic edition: May 2013 978-1-4338-1375-7 Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org To order APA Order Department P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20090-2984 Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123 Online: www.apa.org/books/ E-mail:
[email protected] In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from American Psychological Association 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London WC2E 8LU England Typeset in Sabon, Futura, and Universe by Circle Graphics, Columbia, MD Printer: Automated Graphic Systems, White Plains, MD Cover Designer: Naylor Design, Washington, DC Production Manager: Jennifer L. Macomber Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. — 6th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-4338-0561-8 (softcover) ISBN-10: 1-4338-0559-6 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 1-4338-0562-6 (spiral bound) ISBN-13: 978-1-4338-0561-5 (softcover) [etc.] 1. Psychology—Authorship—Style manuals. 2. Social sciences—Authorship— Style manuals. 3. Psychological literature—Publishing—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Social science literature—Publishing—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. American Psychological Association. BF76.7.P83 2010 808'.06615—dc22 2009010391 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Sixth Edition
Contents
List of Tables and Figures xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Editorial Staff xvii
Introduction 3
Organization of the Sixth Edition 4
Specific Changes in the Sixth Edition 4
How to Use the Publication Manual 6
1. Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
9
Types of Articles 9
1.01 Empirical Studies 10
1.02 Literature Reviews 10
1.03 Theoretical Articles 10
1.04 Methodological Articles 10
1.05 Case Studies 11
1.06 Other Types of Articles 11
Ethical and Legal Standards in Publishing 11
Ensuring the Accuracy of Scientific Knowledge 12
1.07 Ethical Reporting of Research Results 12
1.08 Data Retention and Sharing 12
1.09 Duplicate and Piecemeal Publication of Data 13
1.10 Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism 15
Protecting the Rights and Welfare of Research Participants 16
1.11 Rights and Confidentiality of Research Participants 16
1.12 Conflict of Interest 17
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vi
CONTENTS
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights 18
1.13 Publication Credit 18
1.14 Reviewers 19
1.15 Author’s Copyright on an Unpublished Manuscript 1.16 Planning for Ethical Compliance 20
2. Manuscript Structure and Content
19
21
Journal Article Reporting Standards 21
Manuscript Elements 23
2.01 Title 23
2.02 Author’s Name (By