Toc: Prologue: The Story of Psychology......Page 107 Psychology Is a Science......Page 109 Critical Thinking......Page 112 Thinking Critically About: The Scientific Attitude......Page 111 Psychological Science Is Born......Page 115 Psychological Science Develops......Page 121 Contemporary Psychology......Page 124 Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person— and a Better Student......Page 143 Chapter 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science......Page 152 The Need for Psychological Science......Page 154 The Scientific Method......Page 160 Thinking Critically About: Correlation and Causation......Page 179 Psychology’s Research Ethics......Page 192 Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life......Page 203 Describing Data......Page 204 Significant Differences......Page 209 Chapter 2 The Biology of Mind......Page 216 Biology, Behavior, and Mind......Page 219 The Power of Plasticity......Page 222 Neural Communication......Page 224 The Nervous System......Page 238 The Endocrine System......Page 246 The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined......Page 253 Older Brain Structures......Page 263 The Limbic System......Page 269 The Cerebral Cortex......Page 279 Structure of the Cortex......Page 280 Functions of the Cortex......Page 281 Thinking Critically About: Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain......Page 290 Responses to Damage......Page 293 The Divided Brain......Page 297 Chapter 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind......Page 310 Defining Consciousness......Page 312 Studying Consciousness......Page 314 Selective Attention......Page 317 Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind......Page 324 Sleep and Dreams......Page 332 Biological Rhythms and Sleep......Page 333 Why Do We Sleep?......Page 345 Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders......Page 349 Dreams......Page 359 Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders......Page 372 Types of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 374 Influences on Drug Use......Page 394 Chapter 4 Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity......Page 406 Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences......Page 408 Genes: Our Codes for Life......Page 409 Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 412 Temperament and Heredity......Page 422 Heritability......Page 423 Gene-Environment Interaction......Page 425 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature......Page 434 Natural Selection and Adaptation......Page 435 Evolutionary Success Helps Explain Similarities......Page 436 An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality......Page 439 How Does Experience Influence Development?......Page 449 Cultural Influences......Page 458 Gender Development......Page 471 Thinking Critically About: Gende