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TOPICAL REVISION NOTES
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O LEVEL
O Level Biology Topical Revision Notes is a comprehensive guide based on the latest syllabus. It is written to provide candidates sitting for the O Level Biology examination with thorough revision material. Important concepts are presented in simple and concise points for easier reference. Relevant examples and diagrams are incorporated into the notes to facilitate the understanding of important concepts.
O Level Topical Revision Notes Series: Mathematics Additional Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Science Physics Science Chemistry Science Biology
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REVISION NOTES
BIOLOGY Lye Ai Fern BSc (Hons), PGDE
BIOLOGY
CMY
Topical
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Includes ü Comprehensive Revision Notes ü Effective Study Guide ISBN 978 981 288 018 5
BIOLOGY
Lye Ai Fern BSc (Hons), PGDE
SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07 Kewalram Hillview Singapore 669594 Tel: 6760 1388 Fax: 6762 5684 e-mail:
[email protected] http://www.shinglee.com.sg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publishers.
First Published 2016
ISBN 978 981 288 018 5
Printed in Singapore
PREFACE O Level Biology Topical Revision Notes has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus issued by the Ministry of Education, Singapore. This book is divided into 16 topics, each covering a topic as laid out in the syllabus. Important concepts are highlighted in each topic, with relevant examples and diagrams to help students better understand the concepts. We believe this book will be of great help to teachers teaching the subject and students preparing for their O Level Biology examination.
Preface
iii
CONTENTS Topic 1 Cell Structure and Organisation
1
Topic 2 Movement of Substances
6
Topic 3 Biological Molecules
11
Topic 4 Nutrition in Humans
20
Topic 5 Nutrition in Plants
27
Topic 6 Transport in Flowering Plants
32
Topic 7 Transport in Humans
39
Topic 8 Respiration in Humans
51
Topic 9 Excretion in Humans
58
Topic 10 Homeostasis
65
Topic 11 Co-ordination and Response in Humans
70
Topic 12 Reproduction
82
Topic 13 Cell Division
95
Topic 14 Molecular Genetics
106
Topic 15 Inheritance
112
Topic 16 Organisms and their Environment
124
iv Contents
TOPIC Cell Structure
and Organisation
1
Objectives Candidates should be able to: (a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams, photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique: • chloroplasts • cell surface membrane • cell wall • cytoplasm • cell vacuoles (large, sap-filled in plant cells, small, temporary in animal cells) • nucleus (b) identify the following membrane systems and organelles from diagrams and electron micrographs: • endoplasmic reticulum • mitochondria • Golgi body • ribosomes (c) state the functions of the membrane systems and organelles identified above (d) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells (e) state, in simple terms, th