H ANDBOOK OF S TABLE I SOTOPE A NALYTICAL T ECHNIQUES
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H ANDBOOK OF S TABLE I SOTOPE A NALYTICAL T ECHNIQUES VOLUME 2
PIER A. DE GROOT Editor Delta Isotopes Consultancy, Pastoor Moorkensstraat 16, 2400 Mol-Achterbos, Belgium ( present address)
Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2009 Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress For information on all Elsevier publications visit our web site at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in the Hungary 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-0-444-51115-7
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CONTENTS
VOLUME II (author: Pier A. de Groot1)
Descriptions and Diagrams of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques – An Encyclopedic Overview
ix
PART 3 1
Hydrogen 1-0 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5
1 1 2 25 166 213 214
2
Lithium
225
3
Boron
227
4
Carbon
229
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5
229 270 271 272
4-6 4-7 4-8
5
1
Introduction Water-Sampling Techniques Waters from Different Sources – Analytical Methods Organic Compounds Hydrogen Absorbed in Metal Labeled Water Methods
Organic Materials Gas Compounds Compounds from Water Compounds in Rock and Minerals Carbon (13C/12C) and Oxygen (18O/16O) Isotopes in Carbonate Rock and Minerals Graphite and Diamond Cyanides SiC (Moissanite) and TiC
273 323 327 328
Nitrogen
331
5-1 5-2 5-3
331 342 404
Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium and Cyanide Organic Materials Gaseous Compounds
Guest co-authorship of a section in Chapter 4-5: H. Le Q. Stuart-Williams & Pier A. de Groot; Guest authorship of Section 12-0.2.4.1 by Frank J. Stadermann. Guest authorship of Section 12-0.2.5.1 by Isaac B. Brenner. Guest co-authorship in a section in Chapter 17 by Mayer, Krouse & De Groot.
vi
6
7 8
Contents
Oxygen
405
6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9
405 453 516 570 580 581 582 587 589
Silicate Minerals, Oxides and Rock Samples Wat