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Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johnson, R. Burke. Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches /R. Burke Johnson, Larry Christensen. — Fifth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4522-4440-2 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Education—Research. I. Title. LB1028.J59 2014 370.72—dc23 2013030678
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BRIEF CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction to Educational Research
2. Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research
3. Action Research for Lifelong Learning PART II: PLANNING THE RESEARCH STUDY
4. How to Review the Literature and Develop Research Questions
5. How to Write a Research Proposal
6. Research Ethics PART III: FOUNDATIONS OF RESEARCH
7. Standardized Measurement and Assessment
8. How to Construct a Questionnaire
9. Six Major Methods of Data Collection 10. Sampling in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research 11. Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research PART IV: SELECTING A RESEARCH METHOD Section A: Quantitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches 12. Experimental Research: Weak and Strong Designs 13. Experimental Research: Quasi and Single-Case Designs 14. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research Section B: Qualitative Research Methods: Five Major Approaches Plus Historical Research 15. Narrative Inquiry and Case Study Research D. Jean Clandinin and R. Burke Johnson 16. Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory 17. Historical Research Section C: Mixed Methods Research: Many Approaches 18. Mixed Research PART V: ANALYZING THE DATA 19. Descriptive Statistics 20. Inferential Statistics 21. Data Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed Research PART VI: WRITING THE RESEARCH REPORT 22. How to Prepare a Research Report and Use APA Style Guidelines
Appendix: Citations for Journal Articles Noted in the Margins Glossary References Author Index
Subject Index About the Authors
DETAILED CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgments PART I: INTRODUCTION
1
Introduction to Educational Research Why Study Educational Research? Areas of Educational Research Examples of Educational Research General Kinds of Research Basic and Applied Research Evaluation Research Action Research Orientational Research Sources of Knowledge Experience Reasoning The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Generation Dynamics of Science Basic Assumptions of Science Scientific Methods Theory Th