Coagulation And Flocculation In Water And Wastewater Treatment

Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment Third Edition John Bratby Published by IWA Publishing Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2016 © 2016 IWA Publishing Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Editors and Authors will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781780407494 (Hardback) ISBN: 9781780407500 (eBook) Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   xi Chapter 1 Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1 1.1 General  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1 1.2 Stability and Destabilization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2 1.3 Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5 1.4 Performance Criteria  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7 1.5 Summary  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7 1.6 References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8 Chapter 2 Colloids and interfaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 2.1 ​Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 2.2 Origin of Surface Charge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 2.3 Effect of Surface Charge  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14 2.4 Adsorption  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14 2.5 Inner Part of Electrical Double Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17 2.6 Diffuse Part of Electrical Double Layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20 2.6.1 ​Assumptions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.6.2 Distribution of potential with distance from the charged surface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21 2.6.3 Thickness of double layer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23 2.6.4 Effect