Standard Handbook Of Broadcast Engineering

ii Additional updates relating to broadcast engineering in general, and this book in particular, can be found at the Standard Handbook of Broadcast Engineering web site: www.tvhandbook.com The tvhandbook.com web site supports the professional audio/video community with news, updates, and product information relating to the broadcast, post production, and business/industrial applications of digital video. Check the site regularly for news, updated chapters, and special events related to audio/video engineering. The technologies encompassed by the Standard Handbook of Broadcast Engineering are changing rapidly, with new standards proposed and adopted each month. Changing market conditions and regulatory issues are adding to the rapid flow of news and information in this area. Specific services found at www.tvhandbook.com include: • Audio/Video Technology News. News reports and technical articles on the latest developments in digital radio and television, both in the U.S. and around the world. Check in at least once a month to see what's happening in the fast-moving area of digital broadcasting. • Resource Center. Check for the latest information on professional and broadcast audio/video systems. The Resource Center provides updates on implementation and standardization efforts, plus links to related web sites. • tvhandbook.com Update Port. Updated material for the Standard Handbook of Broadcast Engineering is posted on the site each month. Material available includes updated sections and chapters in areas of rapidly advancing technologies. In addition to the resources outlined above, detailed information is available on other books in the McGraw-Hill Video/Audio Series. iii Standard Handbook of Broadcast Engineering Jerry C. Whitaker and K. Blair Benson Editors McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington D.C. Auckland Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto iv Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 ISBN 0-07-145100-5 The sponsoring editor for this book was Steve Chapman. The production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. This book was set in Times New Roman and Helvetica by Technical Press, Morgan Hill, CA. The art director for the cover was Anthony Landi. Printed and bound by RR Donnelley. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work i