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PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIth INTE RNA TIONAL CONCRESS OF REFRIGER ATION COMPTES RENDUS DU XIeme CONGRES INTERNA TIONAL DU FROID MUNICH 1963
PROGRESS IN REFRIGERATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PROGRES DANS LA SCIENCE ET LA TECHNIQUE DU FROID VOLUME I
PUBLISHED FOR THE IN TERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION IN STITUT INTERNATI ONAL DU FROID BY THE
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD· LONDON· NEW YORK. P ARIS AND
VERLAG C.F.MOLLER KARLSRUHE
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Pergamon Press GmbH, Kaiserstrasse 75, Frankfurt-am-Main Verlag C. F.Miiller, Rheinstrasse 122, Karlsruhe-West
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Copyright 1965 PERGAMON PRESS LTD.
Fii st published 1965
Library of Congress Card No. 60-16886
C. F. Muller, Buchdrudl:erei und Verlag G.m.b.H., Karlsruhe Printed in Western Germany by
Foreword The Eleventh International Congress of Refrigeration took place in Munich in August September 1963. It was held under the auspices of the International Institute of Refrige ration, and was organized on behalf of the Government by the competent authorities of the German Federal Republic, in first place by the German Association of Refrigeration. The papers presented for discussion at this Congress by the outstanding experts of ·the world cover the whole field ofproduction and application of low temperatures. These Proceedings of the Congress contain the full text of all papers and the discussions which took place after the presentation of the papers. A great number of papers was presented to the Congress in Munich. They have been devided into 3 volumes farming the Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Refrigeration. They reflect our present knowledge and indicate the future developments of refrigeration in science, engineering, medicine, and food technology. Problems of education are also dealt with. The International Institute of Refrigeration highly appreciates the excellent cooperation of the German Papers Committee under the leadership of Professor Dr. J. Kuprianoff, and the work performed by the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries of the Technical Board, revising and publishing these Proceedings. RUDOLF PLANK
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Preface The papers and discussion contributions at the Congress gave a broad review of the various scientific and technical aspects, designs, and technology of refrigeration. They have been assembled here. In doing this, the main effort was concentrated on the technical and scientific aspects of the Congress, and only summarized material from the opening and closing sessions, technical visits, etc. were presented here. Anyone interested in more details of this part of the Congress should refer to the Congress programs. The working numbers originally assigned to the papers are given on the upper side of the pages. The greatest part of the editorial work for the Congress papers has, in effect, been carried out by the Presidents of the various Commissions of the I. I. R. in cooperation with the Vice Presidents and Secretaries of the Commissions. They were assisted in their work by the German Papers' Committee. All contributions from discussions were based only on notes written by the contributors themselves. Since the material of each of the three volumes originated from a great number of dijferent authors and contributors, many of whom were not expressing themselves in their mother language, a certain amount of editorial changes have been made by the bureau of the German Papers' Committee. It is hoped that this has been done without undue interference with the work of the individual author. If t