Engineering Tribology

E N G I N E E R I N G T R I B O L O G Y This page is intentionally left blank ENGINEERING F O U RT H TRIBOLOGY E D I T I O N Gwidon W. Stachowiak  epartment of Mechanical Engineering D Curtin University Perth, Australia Andrew W. Batchelor Saudi Aramco Dhahran, Saudi Arabia AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First edition 1993 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected] Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-397047-3 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in the United States 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the most important persons in our lives Grazyna Stachowiak Gwidon (Jr.) Stachowiak and Valli M. Batchelor Diana, Vicky & Vincent Batchelor This page is intentionally left blank C O N T E N T S P R E F A C E XXVII A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S XXIX 1 2 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Meaning of tribology 2 Lubrication 3 Wear 5 1.3 Cost of friction and wear 5 1.4 Summary 9 Revision questions 9 References 10 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Oil viscosity 11 Dynamic viscosity 12 2.3 Kinematic viscosity 13 Viscosity temperature relationship 13 Viscosity-temperature equations 14 Viscosity-temperature chart 14 2.4 Viscosity index 15 2.5 Viscosity pressure relationship 17 2.6 Viscosity-shear rate relationship 22 Pseudoplastic behavior 22 2.7 2.8 Thixotropic behavior 24 Viscosity measurements 24 Capillary viscometers 24 Rotational viscometers 26 · Rotating cylinder v