ADVANCES IN HEAT TRANSFER Volume 37 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in HEAT TRANSFER Serial Editors James P. Hartnett Thomas F. Irvine, Jr. Energy Resources Center University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Department of Mechanical Engineering State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York Young I. Cho George A. Greene Department of Mechanical Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Energy Sciences and Technology Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York Volume 37 Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Elsevier Inc., 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA Elsevier Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK ß 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected] elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http:// www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+1) (978) 7508400, fax: (+1) (978) 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: (+44) 207 631 5555; fax: (+44) 207 631 5500. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier is required for external resale or distribution of such material. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any chapter or part of a chapter. Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department, at the phone, fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2003 ISBN: 0-12-020037-6 ISSN: 0065-2717 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Prin