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ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɋɭɥɶɽɜ, ɋ. Ɉ. Ƚɭɬɤɟɜɢɱ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌ ɇȺȼɑȺɅɖɇɂɃ ɉɈɋȱȻɇɂɄ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ Ʉɢʀɜ «ɐɟɧɬɪ ɭɱɛɨɜɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ» 2011 ɍȾɄ 65.012.32(075.8) ȻȻɄ 65.290-2ɹ73 Ɋ 89 Ƚɪɢɮ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ (Ʌɢɫɬ ʋ 1/11-8081 ɜɿɞ 20.08.2010) Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ: ȯɪɦɨɲɟɧɤɨ Ɇ. Ɇ. — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ; Ɇɚɪɦɭɥɶ Ʌ. Ⱥ. — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ; Ɇɨɫɬɟɧɫɶɤɚ Ɍ. Ʌ. — ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ. Ɋɭɥɶɽɜ ȼ. Ⱥ., Ƚɭɬɤɟɜɢɱ ɋ. Ɉ. Ɋ 89 Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ. ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. – Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɭɱɛɨɜɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, 2011. – 312 ɫ. ISBN 978-611-01-0151-6 ɍ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɜɢɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ “Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ” ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɤɨɥɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ: ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɰɿɥɿ, ɡɚɞɚɱɿ, ɜɢɞɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ; ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ; ɥɿɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ; ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɚɦɢ, ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɬɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɍ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɛɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝ ɿ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɰɿɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɝɥɢɛɨɤɟ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ, ɚɫɩɿɪɚɧɬɚɦ, ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɱɚɦ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɰɹɦ ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ISBN 978-611-01-0151-6 ɍȾɄ 65.012.32(075.8) ȻȻɄ 65.290-2ɹ73 © Ɋɭɥɶɽɜ ȼ. Ⱥ., Ƚɭɬɤɟɜɢɱ ɋ. Ɉ., 2011. © ɐɟɧɬɪ ɭɱɛɨɜɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, 2011 Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɉɟɪɟɞɦɨɜɚ………………………………………………………...7 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ, ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ……………………………………………………..9 1.1. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ……………………………………….9 1.2. ɐɿɥɿ, ɡɚɞɚɱɿ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ…………………………12 1.3. ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ………………………….16 1.4. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ………………...17 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 2. Ɋɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ………...21 2.1. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɭɜɚɥɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɿɣ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ………………………………………………………...…...21 2.2. ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ………………………………23 2.3. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ………………...32 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 3. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ……………...38 3.1. ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ…………………………38 3.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɿɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ…………..42 3.3. ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ…………………………..47 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 4. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɹɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ……………………………54 4.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ….54 4.2. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ……………...57 4.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ………………………62 4.4. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ………………………67 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 5. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ……………………………………………………71 5.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ………………………71 5.2. Ɋɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ………………………………………………………..74 5.3. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ…………………………………………75 5.4. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ……………………..77 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 6. Ʉɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ………………………...82 6.1. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ………….82 6.2. ȼɢɞɢ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ………………………………….86 6.3. ɍɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ……………………………….88 3 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 7. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ……………………………………………………….......91 7.1. Ɍɟɨɪɿɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ……………….91 7.2. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ………………………….95 7.3. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ………………………98 7.4. ɉɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɲɤɨɥɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ……….101 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 8. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ………………………………………………………….105 8.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ…………...105 8.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɿ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ………………109 8.3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ…..112 8.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ…………..113 Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 9. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ……………………………..117 9.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ………………117 9.2. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿ