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This fascinating overview provides a comprehensive introduction to the education of Native Americans in the United States. Historically, schools were seen as essential to formal education but also as the custodians of community values, a way to socialize Native Americans into the European way of life.Native American Education: A Reference Handbook describes the role played by various churches and missionaries and their different approaches to education against a backdrop of mostly unfamiliar social and legal history. For example, most Americans probably do not know that Indians helped write the Constitution and that an Indian served as vice president of the United States. Author Lorraine Hale provides strategies for preserving Indian culture within the framework of modern American education.
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Native American Education ✒ A Reference Handbook
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CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION ISSUES
Native American Education ✒ A Reference Handbook
Lorraine Hale
Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England
© 2002 by Lorraine Hale All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hale, Lorraine Native American education : a reference handbook / Lorraine Hale. p. cm. — (Contemporary education issues) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-363-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Indians of North America—Education—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Indians of North America—Education—Bibliography. I. Title. II. Series. E97 .H138 2002 371.829'97—dc21 2002006683 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. 07 06 05 04 03 02
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ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper I. Manufactured in the United States of America
✒ Contents Series Editor’s Preface, ix Preface, xi
Chapter One: Historical Background, 1 Advancing Colonization, 2 Loss of Birthright, 3 The Indian Territories, 4 Manifest Destiny, 4 The Civil War Period, 5 The Growth of Community Schools, 6 The School as Savior, 8 Education Develops Slowly, 9 Missionary Schools, 10 Battles over Ideology, 12 The Common School Movement, 12 The Federal System of Indian Schools, 14 The Off-Reservation Boarding School, 14 Increasing Government Involvement in Education, 16 Vexing Questions, 17 Summary, 18 References and Further Reading, 18
Chapter Two: The Twentieth Century, 21 The Boarding-School Movement, 21 The System’s Harmful Effects, 22 Benefits of the System, 23 The Meriam Report, 24 Education in the New Deal Era, 27 World War II, 29 Social Justice Movements, 29 Toward Self-Determination for Native Americans, 32 Indian Nations at Risk Task Force, 33 Tribal Control of Education, 34 Native Organizations, 35 v