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"Advances in Geosciences" is the result of a concerted effort in bringing the latest results and planning activities related to earth and space science in Asia and the international arena. The volume editors are all leading scientists in their research fields covering five sections: Solid Earth (SE), Solar Terrestrial (ST), Planetary Science (PS), Hydrological Science (HS), and Oceans and Atmospheres (OA). The main purpose is to highlight the scientific issues essential to the study of earthquakes, tsunamis, climate change, drought, flood, typhoons, space weathers, and planetary exploration.
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A d v a n c e s
i n
Geosciences Volume 1: Solid Earth (SE)
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A d v a n c e s
i n
Geosciences Volume 1: Solid Earth (SE)
Editor-in-Chief
Wing-Huen Ip
National Central University, Taiwan
Volume Editor-in-Chief
Yun-Tai Chen
Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, China
World Scientific NEW JERSEY
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LONDON
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SINGAPORE
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BEIJING
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SHANGHAI
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HONG KONG
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TA I P E I
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CHENNAI
Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ADVANCES IN GEOSCIENCES A 5-Volume Set Volume 1: Solid Earth (SE) Copyright © 2006 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including