Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Holography And Crystallography With Electrons

ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 123 Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Holography and Crystallography with Electrons EDITOR-IN-CHIEF PETER W. HAWKES CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France ASSOCIATE EDITORS BENJAMIN KAZAN Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center Palo Alto, California TOM MULVEY Department of Electronic Engineering and Applied Physics Aston University Birmingham, United Kingdom Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics Microscopy, Spectroscopy, Holography and Crystallography with Electrons EDITED BY PETER W. HAWKES CEMES-CNRS Toulouse, France GUEST EDITORS Pier Georgio Merli Gianluca Calestani Italian National Research Council Istituto LAMEL Bologna, Italy Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Universit?t di Parma Parma, Italy Marco Vittori-Antisari ENEA, INN-NUMA C. R. Casaccia Rome, Italy V O L U M E 123 ACADEMIC PRESS An imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. O Copyright �92002, Elsevier Science (USA). All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher's consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2002 chapters are as shown on the title pages: If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 1076-5670/2002 $35.00 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Science. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobalds Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com International Standard Book Number: 0-12-014765-3 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 02 03 04 05 06 07 MM 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS ix CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .