The Squid Axon

Current Topics in Membranes and Transport Volume 22 The Squid Axon Advisory Board M . P . Blaustein G. Blobel J . S . Cook P. A . Knuuf Sir H . L . Kornberg P . Lauger C. A. Pasternak W . D . Stein W . Stoeckenius K . J . Ullrich Contributors D. A . Haydon Clay M . Armstrong P . F. Baker B . M . Hendry David Landowne Luis Beuuge' Raymond J . Lasek Ted Begenisich Rodolfo R . Llincis Walter F . Boron Leslie M . Loew A . Carruthers Lnwrence B . Cohen Donald R . Mutfeson H . Meves Franco Conti Toshio Narahashi R . DiPolo Hurish C. Pant Gerald Ehrenstein John M . Russell J . R . Elliott Brian M . Salzherg Harold Gainer Catherine Smith Paul E. Gallant Gloria M . Villegas Daniel L . Gilbert Jorge Villegas Robert Gould Raimundo Villegas Current Topics in Membranes and Transport Edited by Arnost Kleinzeller Department of Physioiogy University of Philudelphiu School of' Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsyluunia VOLUME 22 THE SQUID AXON Gues I Editor Peter F. Baker Department of Physiology University of London King's College London, England 1984 @ ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (Hariourr Brui e Jouonouri h, Publishers) Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Sao Paulo COPYRIGHT @ 1984, BY ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition publidzed by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/18 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 70- I S B N 0-12-153322-0 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 84 85 86 87 98 765 43 2 1 1 1 709 1 Contents Contributors, x Preface, xiii Yale Membrane Transport Processes Volumes, xv PART 1. STRUCTURE Squid Axon Ultrastructure GLORIA M. VILLEGAS AND RAIMUNDO VILLEGAS 1. 11. 111. IV. V. VI. Introduction, 3 Anatomical Organization. 4 Histological Organization, 6 Fine Structure, 7 Nerve Fractions, 29 Concluding Remarks, 32 References, 34 The Structure of Axoplasm RAYMOND J. LASEK I. Introduction, 39 11. Fine Structure of the Squid Giant Axon, 40 111. Axonal Transport in the Squid Giant Axon, 47 IV. Extruded Axoplasm from the Giant Axon, 49 V. Conclusions, 50 References, 5 I PART 11. REGULATION OF THE AXOPLASMIC ENVIRONMENT Biochemistry and Metabolism of the Squid Giant Axon HAROLD GAINER, PAUL E. GALLANT, ROBERT GOULD. AND HARISH C . PANT I. Introduction, 58 11. Molecular Composition of Axoplasm, 58 111. Functional Metabolic Studies Using the Giant Axon System, 68 V vi CONTENTS IV. Concluding Remarks, 81 References, 81 Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids P. F. RAKER AND A. CARRUTHERS I. Introduction, 91 11. Concentration and State of Sugars and Amino Acids in Axoplasm, 92 Ill. Transport of Sugars by Squid Axons, 98 IV. Descriptive Models for Sugar Transport, I10 V. Transport of Amino Acids, 119 VI. General Conclusions, 128 References, 128 Sodium Pump in Squid Axons LUIS BEAUGE I. Introduction, I3 I 11. Experimental Techniques, 132 111. Sodium Pump in Squid Axons, 134 References. 171 Chloride in the Squid Giant Axon JOHN M. RUSSELL I . Introduction, 177 11. [CI-] in Axoplasm and Hemolymph, 178 111. Transmembrane CI Movements, 180 IV. Summary and Discussion, 190 References, 192 Axonai Calcium and Magnesium Homeostasis P. F. RAKER AND R. DIPOLO