Second Edition
Content Analysis An Introduction to Its Methodology
Klaus Krippendorff University of Pennsylvania
't ����/��l��!l9��ssional Publisher � Thousand Oaks. London. New Delhi
Copyright © 2004 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information:
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Krippendorff, Klaus. Content analysis : an introduction to its methodology I Klaus Krippendorff.- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7619-1544-3 - ISBN 0-7619-1545-1 (pbk.) 1. Content analysis (Communication) I. Title. P93.K74 2004 401'.41-dc21 2003014200
Printed on acid-free paper.
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Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Indexer: Cover Design: Execution by:
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Margaret H. Seawell Jill Meyers Claudia A. Hoffman Judy Selhorst C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Molly Hall Concept by Klaus Krippendorff Michelle Lee Kenny
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Contents Preface to the Second Edition
xiii xv
Acknowledgments
xvi i
Introduction
Part I. Conceptualizing Content Analysis
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History Some Precursors
3
Quantitative Newspaper Analysis
5
Early Content Analysis
6
Propaganda Analysis
8
Content Analysis Generalized
11
Computer Text Analysis
12
Qualitative Approaches
15
Conceptual Foundation
18
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Definition
18
Epistemological Elaborations
21
Examples
26
Framework
29
2.4.1
Texts