Second Edition Content Analysis An Introduction to Its Methodology Klaus Krippendorff University of Pennsylvania 't ����/��l��!l9��ssional Publisher � Thousand Oaks. London. New Delhi Copyright © 2004 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail:
[email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Krippendorff, Klaus. Content analysis : an introduction to its methodology I Klaus Krippendorff.- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7619-1544-3 - ISBN 0-7619-1545-1 (pbk.) 1. Content analysis (Communication) I. Title. P93.K74 2004 401'.41-dc21 2003014200 Printed on acid-free paper. 03 04 05 06 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Indexer: Cover Design: Execution by: 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 Margaret H. Seawell Jill Meyers Claudia A. Hoffman Judy Selhorst C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Molly Hall Concept by Klaus Krippendorff Michelle Lee Kenny 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface to the Second Edition xiii xv Acknowledgments xvi i Introduction Part I. Conceptualizing Content Analysis 1. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. 2. 3 History Some Precursors 3 Quantitative Newspaper Analysis 5 Early Content Analysis 6 Propaganda Analysis 8 Content Analysis Generalized 11 Computer Text Analysis 12 Qualitative Approaches 15 Conceptual Foundation 18 .. .. .. .. Definition 18 Epistemological Elaborations 21 Examples 26 Framework 29 2.4.1 Texts