Advances In Atomic Spectroscopy, Volume 3 (advances In Atomic Spectroscopy)

ADVANCES IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY Volume3 9 1997 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY Editor: JOSEPH SNEDDON Department of Chemistry McNeese State University Lake Charles, Louisiana VOLUME3 9 1997 ~~~~ JAi PRESSINC. Greenwich, Connecticut London, England Copyright 91997 by JAI PRESSINC. 55 Old Post Road, No. 2 Greenwich, Connecticut 06836 JAI PRESSLTD. 38 Tavistock Street Covent Garden London WC2E 7PB England All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored on a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, filming, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN: 0-7623-0072-8 155N: 1068-5561 Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii PREFACE Joseph Sneddon ix PLASMA SOURCE MASS SPECTROSCOPY Andrew S. Fisher and Les Ebdon MULTIELEMENT GRAPHITE FURNACE AND FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY Joseph Sneddon and Kimberly S. Farah DIRECT CURRENT ARCS AND PLASMA JETS Rudi Avni and Isaac B. Brenner DIRECT AND NEAR REAL-TIME DETERMINATION OF METALS IN AIR BY IMPACTION-GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY Joseph Sneddon INDEX 33 63 203 225 This Page Intentionally Left Blank LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Rudi Avni Nuclear Research Center-Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel Isaac B. Brenner Geochemistry Division Geological Survey of Israel Jerusalem, Israel Les Ebdon Department of Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth, England Kimberly S. Farah Department of Science Lasell College Newton, Massachusetts Andrew S. Fisher Department of Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth, England Joseph Sneddon Department of Chemistry McNeese State University Lake Charles, Louisiana vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE Volume 3 of Advances in Atomic Spectroscopy continues to present cutting edge reviews and articles in atomic spectroscopy as did the previous two volumes in this series. Chapter 1 of this volume is devoted to plasma source mass spectroscopy, in particular inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This was proposed in the early 1980s and has been commercially available since the mid-1980s. It has been suggested that it will be the dominant force for trace and ultatrace metal determination in the coming years. This chapter describes the basic theory, instrumentation, sample introduction techniques, and selected applications. Chapter 2 covers simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry, mostly with graphite furnace atomization but, where appropriate, with flame atomization. Atomic absorption spectrometry has been around since the early to mid- 1950s and is a well-established and accepted technique for trace and ultratrace determination of elements. However, it is primarily regarded as a single-element technique. The need to perform simultaneous multielement analyses became a need and a desire in the early 1970s (the resurgence of atomic emission spectrom