200 Science Investigations For Young Students: Practical Activities For Science 5 - 11

200 Science Investigations for Young Students Practical Ac . . � · 5,11 200 SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS FOR YOUNG STUDENTS Practical Activities for Science 5-11 Martin Wenham University of Leicester � p·C·p Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd © Martin Wenham 2001 First published 2001 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd A SAGE Publications Company 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash-I New Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 6348 0 ISBN 0 7619 6349 9 (pbk) Library of Congress catalog record available Typeset by Dorwyn Ltd. Rowlands Castle. Hampshire Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd .. Trowbridge. Wiltshire Contents IX Preface 1 The role of activities and investigations in science education 1 2 Life and living processes Living and non-living things 2.2. 1 2.2.2 Finding out if things are alive 2.2.3 Dormant organisms: living or not? 3 4 5 6 3 Humans as organisms Finding body landmarks 3.1.1 Relating body landmarks to internal organs 3 . 1 .2 Dental plaque and the effect of brushing 3 .2. 1 What happens as food is chewed 3 .3 . 1 Where does food go when it is swallowed ? 3 . 3. 2 Nutrition, food and diet) (3 .4 The skeleton: support and protection 3 .5. 1 The skeleton and movement: joints 3 .5.2 Finding tendons 3.5.3 3 .5.4 Muscles and their action Modelling the chest and breathing 3 .6.1 Movement of the diaphragm and ribs in breathing 3 .6.2 Respiration and body temperature 3.6.3 Blood and its circulation 3 . 7 and 3 . 8 Listening to the action of the heart 3.8. 1 Circulation of the blood: arteries 3 . 8 .2 The pulse and how to find it 3.8.3 Circulation of the blood: veins 3 . 8 .4 Circulation of the blood: capillaries 3 . 8.5 Exercise and the action of the heart 3.9.1 Exercise and breathing 3 . 9.2 Exercise, skin and body temperature 3 .9.3 3.10.1 Responding to changing light levels How much do we see clearly? 3 . 1 0.2 III 8 8 9 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 31 31 33 33 IV CONTENTS 3 . 1 0.3 3 . 1 0 .4 3 . 1 0.5 3 . 1 0.6 3 . 1 0.7 3 . 1 0. 8 Judging distances Using an ear-trumpet to direct sound-waves Hearing: j udging direction Detecting tastes and flavours Detecting changes in temperature Sensitivity t o touch 34 35 35 36 37 38 4 Green plants as organisms 4. 1 . 1 Measuring stem and leaf growth 4.2. 1 Shoot systems 4.2.2 Root systems 4.2.3 Flowers 4.3. 1 Patterns of plant growth 4.3.2 Observing germination 4.3.3 Investigating conditions needed for germination 4.3.4 The effects of environmental conditions on plant growth Plants a n d water 4.3.5 Response of shoots to light 4.3.6 4.3.7 Response of shoots to gravity 4.3.8 Response of roots t o gravity 4.4. 1 Plants as food-makers 4.4.2