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Advances in Botanical Research is a multi-volume publication that brings together reviews by recognized experts on subjects of importance to those involved in botanical research. For more than thirty years, Advances in Botanical Research has earned a reputation for excellence in the field. For those working on plant pathology, Advances in Plant Pathology has also carved a niche in the plant sciences during its decade of publication.Academic Press has merged Advances in Plant Pathology into Advances in Botanical Research. The plant science community will find that the merger of these two serials will provide one comprehensive resource for the field. To ensure complete coverage, John Andrews and Inez Tommerup, the editors of Advances in Plant Pathology, have joined the editorial board of the new series, which will include equal coverage of plant pathology and botany in both thematic and mixed volumes. The first few volumes of the new series will be slanted toward botany or plant pathology; however, future eclectic volumes will be fully integrated.The resulting synergy of these two serials greatly benefits the plant science community by providing a more comprehensive resource under one roof. The joint aim is to continue to include the very best articles, thereby maintaining the status of a high impact factor review series.
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Advances in
BOTANICAL RESEARCH incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology VOLUME 25
The Plant Vacuole
Advances in
BOTANICAL RESEARCH incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology Editor-in-Chief J. A. CALLOW
School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U K
Editorial Board J. H. ANDREWS
H. G. DICKINSON M. KREIS R. M. LEECH R. A. LEIGH E. LORD D. J. READ I. C. TOMMERUP
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Universitt! de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France University of York, York, UK I A CR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, U K University of California, Riverside, U S A University of Shefield, Shefield, UK CSIRO, Perth, Australia
Advances in
BOTANICAL RESEARCH incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology
The Plant Vacuole edited by
R. A. Leigh
D. Sanders
and
Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, U K
The Plant Laboratory, Biology Department, University of York, York, UK
Series editor
J. A. CALLOW School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
VOLUME 25
1997
ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego
London
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This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright
0 1997 by
ACADEMIC PRESS
All rights reserved. N o part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl 7DX, UK
http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-12-005925-8
Typeset by Keyset Composition, Colchester, Essex Printed in Great Britain by Hartnolls Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall
97 98 99 00 01 02 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
We dedicate this volume to Professors Tom ap Rees, Harold Woolhouse and Horst Marschner who all sadly died during 1996 and who were each inspirational in leading their own fields of research in the plant sciences. Roger A . Leigh Dale Sanders
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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 25 .....