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Indirect Responsibility for Terrorist Acts
The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights Volume 10 General editor Martti Koskenniemi
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Indirect Responsibility for Terrorist Acts Redefinition of the Concept of Terrorism Beyond Violent Acts
by
Marja Lehto
Leiden • Boston 2009
Printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lehto, Marja. Indirect responsibility for terrorist acts : redefinition of the concept of terrorism beyond violent acts / by Marja Lehto. p. cm. — (The Erik Castrén Institute monographs on international law and human rights ; v. 10) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-17807-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Terrorism. 2. Accomplices. 3. Criminal liability (International law) I. Title. K5256.L445 2010 345’.02—dc22 2009033396
issn: 1568-2765 isbn: 978 90 04 17807 6 © 2010 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, idc Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and vsp. http://www.brill.nl All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. printed and bound in the netherlands.
THE MONOGRAPH SERIES
The Series of International Law Monographs by the Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights seeks to bring to the reader high-quality research in international law with particular emphasis on the theoretical and historical aspects of the topics dealt with. The Series encourages doctrinal and practical criticism, a multidisciplinary approach and broad syntheses. Manuscripts that seek to renew the field’s intellectual energy and political commitment are welcome. The Series is based on a conviction that theoretical ambition and practical relevance cannot be dissociated from each other and that even as it looks for a rejuvenation of the field it insists on speaking to both academic and practising lawyers.
Martti Koskenniemi General Editor
Table of Contents Abbreviations........................................................................................................xi PREFACE
.......................................................................................................... xv
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ xix 1. The Change in International Terrorism..............................................xxii The Change in Legal Responses to International Terrorism............... xxxii 2. The Approach and Structure of the Study........................................ xxxvii 3. Chapter 1 The International Law of Terrorism.....................................3 1.1. Much Ado about Nothing – Terrorism as an Empty Concept? ................3 1.2. Defining Terrorism for Legal Purposes .................................................14 1.2.1. The UN Droit Acquis: Terrorism as Serious Crime..........................14 1.2.2. Some Problems with the ‘Definition of Terrorism’ . .......................22 1.3. Why a Definition? The Issue of a General Convention against Terrorism ............................................................................................31 1.4. Redefining Terrorism: the ‘Prevention Paradigm’ . ...............................42 Chapter 2 Terr