ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 16 Theorizing in Social Psychology: Theoretical Perspectives CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 16 Carl W. Backman Janet Landman Melvin Manis William J. McGuire Arthur W. Staats Sheldon Stryker ADVANCES IN Experimental Social Psychology EDITED BY Leonard Berkowitz DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON MADISON, WISCONSIN VOLUME 16 Theorizing in Social Psychology: Theoretical Perspectives @ 1983 ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo Sao Paulo COPYRIGHT @ 1983, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED O R TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS,INC. Orlando, Florida 32887 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ( L O N D O N ) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER:64 - 2 34 52 I SBN 0-1 2-01 521 6-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 83848586 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS .............................................. ............................................................ Contributors.......... Preface. vii ix A Contextualist Theory of Knowledge: Its Implications for Innovation and Reform in Psychological Research William J. McGuire I. The Nature and Tragedy of Knowledge.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Toward Contextualism: Two Millenia of Theory-Testing Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Psychology as Process: The Developing of Theoretical Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Psychology as Product: The Theoretical Yield from Analytical and Empirical Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 8 32 43 Social Cognition: Some Historical and Theoretical Perspectives Janet Landman and Melvin Manis I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 11. Historical Roots of Social Cognition ....................................... 111. Application of Associationist and Constructionist Principles in Social Cognition. . . . 53 12 103 116 IV. Historical and Theoretical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paradigmatic Behaviorism: Unified Theory for SocialPersonality Psychology Arthur W. Staats 1. The Problem of Disorganization. ........................... 11. S-R Conceptions in Social Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V .._ . .. _ . 126 129 vi CONTENTS 111. IV. V. VI. VII. Types of Learning Theories of Social Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The General Unified Theory Methodology of Paradigmatic Behaviorism. . . . . . . . . . The Multilevel Theory Methodology of Paradigmatic Behaviorism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unification is Originality Too.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .