Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Editor-in-Chief John H. Steele Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA Editors Steve A. Thorpe National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK Karl K. Turekian Yale University, Department of Geology and Geophysics, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Subject Area Volumes from the Second Edition Climate & Oceans edited by Karl K. Turekian Elements of Physical Oceanography edited by Steve A. Thorpe Marine Biology edited by John H. Steele Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry edited by Karl K. Turekian Marine Ecological Processes edited by John H. Steele Marine Geology & Geophysics edited by Karl K. Turekian Marine Policy & Economics guest edited by Porter Hoagland, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts Measurement Techniques, Sensors & Platforms edited by Steve A. Thorpe Ocean Currents edited by Steve A. Thorpe The Coastal Ocean edited by Karl K. Turekian The Upper Ocean edited by Steve A. Thorpe MARINE CHEMISTRY & GEOCHEMISTRY A DERIVATIVE OF ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OCEAN SCIENCES, 2ND EDITION Editor KARL K. TUREKIAN Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright ^ 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Material in the work originally appeared in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Elsevier Ltd., 2001) and Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edition (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), edited by John H. Steele, Steve A. Thorpe and Karl K. Turekian. The following articles are US government works in the public domain and are not subject to copyright: Trace Element Nutrients No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44)(0) 1865 843830; fax (+44)(0) 1865 853333; email:
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