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Following a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War, the Russian Empire found herself exposed due to major deficiencies in her infrastructure. To gain from European scientific, technical and educational advancements, the Russian Government began to permit studies abroad and relaxed censorship, which brought a new flood of literature into the country. These measures enormously facilitated the growth of Russian science, medicine and education in the late nineteenth century, taking the Empire into a fascinating era of laboratory research, a new cultural and intellectual tradition. The Imperial Laboratory tells the story of the lives and studies of the leading Russian and German clinician-experimenters who played critical roles in the integration of physics and chemistry into physiology and clinical medicine. A principal theme is the major transformations undergone in military medicine and education. Using a wide range of Russian and German primary sources, this book offers a unique English-language insight into Russian physiology and medicine that will be of interest to both historians and doctors, as well as anyone interested in Russian science and culture. Galina Kichigina has taught at Moscow Medical Academy and at University of Toronto. She has co-authored a chapter on history of cardiovascular physiology and on modern concepts of ventricular fibrillation in I. Efimov, et al. (eds) Cardiac Bioelectric Therapy (New York: Springer, 2008) and is currently working on a history of cardiology and molecular medicine.
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THE IMPERIAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE IN POST-CRIMEAN RUSSIA THE WELLCOME SERIES IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Forthcoming Title: The Stepchildren of Science Heather Wolffram The Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine series editors are V. Nutton, M. Neve, R. Cooter and E.C. Spary. Please send all queries regarding the series to Michael Laycock, The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 183 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK. THE IMPERIAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE IN POST-CRIMEAN RUSSIA Galina Kichigina Amsterdam – New York, NY 2009 First published in 2009 by Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2009. Editions Rodopi B.V. © 2009 Design and Typesetting by Michael Laycock, The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. Printed and bound in The Netherlands by Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2009. Index by Henry Mitchell. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-90-420-2658-2 E-Book ISBN 978-90-420-2659-9 ‘The Imperial Laboratory: Experimental Physiology and Clinical Medicine in Post-Crimean Russia’ – Amsterdam – New York, NY: Rodopi. – ill. (Clio Medica 87 / ISSN 0045-7183; The Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine) Front cover: Left: portrait of S.P. Botkin, courtesy of the Wellcome Library, London. Right: portrait of I.M. Sechenov, courtesy of the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Background: map of Russia, courtesy of the Wellcome Library, London. © Editions Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam – New York, NY 2009 Printed in The Netherlands All titles in the Clio Medica series (from 1999 onwards) are available to download from the IngentaConnect website: http://www.ingentaconnect.co.uk Contents List of Images 1 List of Tables 3 Acknowledgements 5