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The Science and Practice of Rubber Mixing Nobuyuki Nakajima Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 5 1.1 2 3 Polymerisation and molecular architecture ............................................ 5 1.1.1 Natural rubber ........................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Styrene-butadiene copolymer ..................................................... 5 1.1.3 Polybutadiene ............................................................................ 8 1.1.4 Nitrile rubber ............................................................................. 9 1.1.5 Ethylene-propylene terpolymer ................................................ 10 1.1.6 Polyethylacrylate ...................................................................... 10 1.1.7 Polydimethyl siloxane .............................................................. 11 1.1.8 Masterbatches .......................................................................... 11 1.2 What is rubber? ................................................................................... 11 1.3 Formulation ......................................................................................... 14 1.4 Mixing equipment ............................................................................... 15 Mill Processability ......................................................................................... 23 2.1 Mastication and mill processability ..................................................... 23 2.2 Interpretation of mill processability ..................................................... 25 2.3 Science of mill processability................................................................ 27 Overview of Mixing of Rubber ..................................................................... 33 3.1 Unit processes ...................................................................................... 33 3.2 Interpretation of the mixing process .................................................... 35 3.3 Compaction as a part of the mechanism in incorporating carbon black into an elastomer ............................................................ 42 i Science and Practice of Rubber Mixing 4 5 6 ii 3.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 42 3.3.2 Experiment-I ............................................................................ 42 3.3.3 Results-I ................................................................................... 44 3.3.4 Discussion-I ............................................................................. 51 3.3.5 Experiment-II ........................................................................... 55 3.3.6 Results-II ................................................................................. 56 3.3.7 Discussion-II ............................................................................ 68 Viscoelasticity and Fracture ........................................................................... 71 4.1 Introduction to viscoelasticity .............................................................. 71 4.2 Viscoelasticity for characterisation....................................................... 77 4.3 Viscoelastic behaviour