River Mechanics

This page intentionally left blank River mechanics This textbook offers a thorough mechanical analysis of rivers from upland areas to oceans. It scrutinizes state-of-the-art methods, underlining both theory and engineering applications. Each chapter includes a presentation of fundamental principles, followed with an engineering analysis and instructive problems, examples, and case studies illustrating engineering design. The emphasis is on river equilibrium, river dynamics, bank stabilization, and river engineering. Channel stability and river dynamics are examined in terms of river morphology, lateral migration, aggradation, and degradation. The text provides a detailed treatment of riverbank stabilization and engineering methods. Separate chapters cover physical and mathematical models of rivers. This textbook also contains essential reading for understanding the mechanics behind the formation and propagation of devastating floods, and offers knowledge crucial to the design of appropriate countermeasures to reduce flood impact, prevent bank erosion, improve navigation, increase water supply, and maintain suitable aquatic habitat. More than 100 exercises (including computer problems) and nearly 20 case studies enhance graduate-student learning, while researchers and practitioners seeking broad technical expertise will find it a valuable reference. Pierre Y. Julien is Professor of Civil Engineering at Colorado State University. River mechanics P I E R R E Y. J U L I E N Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521562843 © Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2002 - - - - - - eBook (EBL) - - - eBook (EBL) - - - - - - hardback - - - hardback - - - - - - paperback - - - paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Dedicated to Helga and Patrick Contents Preface Notation page xi xiii 1 Introduction to river mechanics 1 2 Physical properties and equations 2.1. Dimensions and units 2.2. Properties of water 2.3. Properties of sediment 2.4. River flow kinematics 2.5. Conservation of mass 2.6. Equations of motion 2.7. Hydraulic and energy grade lines 9 9 10 13 22 24 25 27 3 River basins 3.1. River-basin characteristics 3.2. Rainfall precipitation 3.3. Interception and infiltration 3.4. Excess rainfall 3.5. Surface runoff 3.6. Upland-erosion losses 3.7. Sediment source and yield 31 31 35 46 51 53 63 72 4 Steady flow in rivers 4.1. Steady river flow 4.2. Steady-nonuniform river flow 4.3. Sediment transport in rivers 79 79 97 111 5 Unsteady flow in rivers 5.1. River continuity equation 5.2. River momentum equations 5.3. River floodwaves 122 122 126 130 vii viii Contents 5.4. Loop-rating curves 5.5. River flood routing 5.6. River flow and sediment-duration curves 136 139 142 6 River equilibrium 6.1. Particle stability 6.2. Channel stability 6.3. Regime relationships 6.4. Equilibrium