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METAMATERIALS METAMATERIALS Critique and Alternatives BEN A. MUNK Professor of Electrical Engineering, Emeritus The Ohio State University Life Fellow IEEE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Munk, Ben (Benedikt A.) Metamaterials : critique and alternatives / Ben A. Munk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-37704-8 (cloth) 1. Metamaterials. 2. Antennas (Electronics)–Materials. 3. Electromagnetism. 4. Radio wave propagation–Mathematical models. 5. Antennas (Electronics)–Experiments. 6. Negative refraction. 7. Negative refractive index. 8. Left Handed Materials. 9 Time Advance. I. Title. TK7871.6.M855 2008 621.3028 4—dc22 2008030315 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to true science. The constant support of the ElectroScience Laboratory and my family—in particular my wife, Aase—is deeply appreciated. A NOTE ON METAMATERIALS Metamaterials are artificially made materials that do not exist in nature. The term derives from the Greek word meta, meaning beyond. More specifically, metamaterials are composites that have a desired combination of properties that cannot be obtained by combining the properties of their constituents. The term was coined in 1999 by a colleague and good friend, Rodger Walser, of the University of Texas–Austin, now at Metamaterial, Inc. At my request he graciously provided me with the following definition: Metamaterials are macroscopic composites having man-made, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more res