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Intermediate Sanctions in Corrections GAIL A. CAPUTO Number 4 in the North Texas Crime and Criminal Justice Series University of North Texas Press Denton, Texas ©2004 Gail A. Caputo “Home Confinement” by Jon’a F. Meyer ©2004 University of North Texas Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Permissions: University of North Texas Press P.O. Box 311336 Denton, TX 76203-1336 The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, z39.48.1984. Binding materials have been chosen for durability. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caputo, Gail A., 1965Intermediate sanctions in corrections / Gail A. Caputo. p. cm. — (North Texas crime and criminal justice series ; no. 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57441-182-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-57441-186-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Alternatives to imprisonment—United States. 2. Corrections—United States. I. Title. II. Series. HV9304.C32 2004 364.6’8’0973—dc22 2004011388 Intermediate Sanctions in Corrections is Number 4 in the North Texas Crime and Criminal Justice Series Design by Angela Schmitt For my family: Kathleen, Anthony, Betty, Theresa, Susan, Howie, Chris, Annie, and Lily This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................. vi Part I Background and Foundation of Intermediate Sanctions Programs 1. Overview and Theoretical Foundations of Corrections .............3 2. Development, Goals, and Structure of Intermediate Sanctions Programs .....................................................................22 Part II Intermediate Sanctions Programs: Descriptions and Research 3. Intensive Supervision Programs .................................................35 4. Boot Camps .................................................................................57 5. Day Reporting Centers ...............................................................75 6. Home Confinement with Electronic Monitoring, by Jon’a F. Meyer .........................................................................97 7. Monetary Penalties: Fines and Restitution ..............................124 8. Community Service ...................................................................148 9. Halfway Houses .........................................................................169 Part III The Future of Intermediate Sanctions Programs 10. Conclusion .................................................................................187 References ........................................................................................197 Index ................................................................................................217 PREFACE In the past two decades, states and the federal government have developed and implemented new correctional options in an attempt to reduce correctional crowding and costs, better manage higher-risk offenders in the community, reduce crime, and achieve greater fairness and effectiveness in criminal sentencing for adults. These innovations are referred to as intermediate sanctions programs and are the subject of this book. This book provides a simple but comprehensive description of the intermediate sanctions system and meaningful analysis of the individual programs. The book is organized into three parts. Part I presents to the reader a background and context for understanding the role of intermediate sanctions in the criminal justice system. It explains the history and development of intermediate sanctions, including philosophies of punishment and an overview of sentencing processes. The key issues for evaluating the effectiveness of intermediate sanctions are outline