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The Political Economy of Regionalism The Case of Southern Africa Fredrik Söderbaum The Political Economy of Regionalism Also by Fredrik Söderbaum THEORIES OF NEW REGIONALISM: a Palgrave Reader THE NEW REGIONALISM IN AFRICA REGIONALISM AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: the Case of the Maputo Development Corridor REGIONALIZATION IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD: a Comparative Perspective on Forms, Actors and Processes HANDBOOK OF REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA The Political Economy of Regionalism The Case of Southern Africa Fredrik Söderbaum Department of Peace and Development Research, Göteborg University (Padrigu), Sweden and United Nations University/Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU/CRIS), Bruges, Belgium © Fredrik Söderbaum 2004 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–2083–4 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Söderbaum, Fredrik. The political economy of regionalism: the case of southern Africa / Fredrik Söderbaum. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-2083-4 (cloth) 1. Africa, Southern–Economic integration. 2. Regionalism–Africa, Southern. 3. Africa, Southern–Politics and government–1994- I. Title. HC900.S6375 2004 337.1’6–dc22 2004044671 10 13 9 12 8 11 7 10 6 09 5 08 4 07 3 06 2 05 1 04 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham and Eastbourne For the needy shall not always be forgotten: the expectation of the poor shall not perish forever. Psalm 9: 18 This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables x List of Maps xi Foreword by Björn Hettne xii Acknowledgements xiv List of Abbreviations xvi 1 Introduction The research problem Research approach Studying the political economy of regionalism The research case: Southern Africa Methods and materials Organization of the study 1 1 3 4 8 10 12 2 Reviewing the Theoretical Landscape Old and new regionalism Rationalist schools of regionalism Reflectivist approaches to regionalism Conclusion 15 16 18 28 35 3 Theorizing the New Regionalism Approach A meta-theoretical point of departure Processes of regionalization Regional space Regionalizing actors Conclusion 37 37 40 45 48 52 4 The Historical Construction of ‘Southern