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The concepts and concerns regarding the global effects of a continued increase in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have enjoyed a high visibility in newspapers and scientific journals. This concern is now being translated into big-science projects. These international projects aim to understand better the processes of climate and ecosystem changes and impacts and are being designed under the aegis of the World Climate Research Programme and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. Biological and climatic systems are intertwined in processes leading to impacts and feedbacks and so it has emerged that climatologists, atmospheric scientists, terrestrial and marine ecologists must collaborate in research programmes, else the bases of their future projections are incomplete. This special volume of "Advances in ecological research" brings together eight papers which propose and demonstrate the two major components of current climate change research, future prediction and interdisciplinary approach.
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Advances in ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH VOLUME 22 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series edited by M. BEGON A. H. FITTER Department of Zoology University of Liverpool Liverpool M9 3BX UK Department of Biology University of York York, YO1 5DD UK A. MACFADYEN 23 Mountsandel Road Coleraine Northern Ireland VOLUME 22 The Ecological Consequences of Global Climate Change edited by F. I. WOODWARD Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Shefield, P.O. Box 601 Shefield, S10 2UQ UK ACADEMIC PRESS Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London San Diego New York Boston Sydney Tokyo Toronto ACADEMIC PRESS LTD. 24/28 Oval Road London NWl Uniied Slates Ediiion published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. San Diego, CA 92101 Copyright @ 1992 by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED AN Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any fonn by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers Britisb Library Cataloguing in Poblicotioa Data Advances in ecological research. Vol. 22 1. Ecology I. Begon, Michael 574.5 ISBN 0-12413922-7 This book is printed on acid-free paper Typeset by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, Plymouth Printed in Great Britain by T.J. Press (Padstow) Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall. Contributors to Volume 22 J. M. ADAMS, The Department of Botany, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK. J. M . ANDERSON, The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK. G. B. BONAN, The National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA. M. E. CAMMELL, Silwood Centrefor Pest Management, The Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. C. M. GOODESS, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. P. M. HOLLIGAN, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PLl 3DH, UK, J . D. KNIGHT, Silwood Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. J . P. PALUTIKOF, Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. M. L. PARRY, Atmospheric Impacts Research Group, Environmental Change Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JP, UK. W . A. REINERS, Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3156, Aven Nelson Building, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3165, USA. S. H. SCHNEIDER, The National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA. J . B. SMITH, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA. T . M. SMITH, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virg