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Encyclopedia of Terrorism Revised Edition Ency Terrorism aFM.indd i 2/15/07 3:34:54 PM Ency Terrorism aFM.indd ii 2/15/07 3:34:54 PM Encyclopedia of Terrorism Revised Edition CINDY C. COMBS AND MARTIN SLANN Ency Terrorism aFM.indd iii 2/15/07 3:34:54 PM Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Revised Edition Copyright © 2007, 2002 by Cindy C. Combs and Martin Slann All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-8160-6277-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6277-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Combs, Cindy C. Encyclopedia of terrorism / Cindy C. Combs and Martin Slann.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-6277-3 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Terrorism—Encyclopedias. I. Slann, Martin W. II. Title. HV6431.C65 2007 363.32503—dc22 2006015853 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Cathy Rincon Cover design by Cathy Rincon/Salvatore Luongo Ilustrations by Jeremy Eagle and Melissa Ericksen Printed in the United States of America VB CGI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Ency Terrorism aFM.indd iv 2/15/07 3:34:55 PM CONTENTS LIST OF ENTRIES vii INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION xi CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS xv ENTRIES A–Z 1 APPENDIX 375 MAJOR ACTS OF TERRORISM, 1946–2006 383 U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL REACTION TO SEPTEMBER 11, 2001, DAY BY DAY 425 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 453 INDEX 461 Ency Terrorism aFM.indd v 2/15/07 3:34:55 PM Ency Terrorism aFM.indd vi 2/15/07 3:34:55 PM List of Entries Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Achille Lauro, hijacking of Action Direct aerial hijacking airport security Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) Allied Democratic Forces American Front Amin, Idi Amir, Yigal amplification effect, of the media anarchists ancient terrorism Andrés Castro United Front (FUAC) Animal Liberation Front Ansar al-Islam anthrax, as a biological weapon anthrax, attack in the United States antiabortion clinic attacks Anti-Imperialist Territorial Nuclei (NTA) April 19 Movement (M-19) al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade Arafat, Yasir Argentina, state terrorism in Arizona Patriots Armed Islamic Group (GIA) armed militias in the United States Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (ARN) armed right-wing groups in the United States Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia Army for the Liberation of Rwanda Army of God Aryan Nations Aryan Republican Army al-Asad, Hafiz Asbat al-Ansar attack on America: September 11, 2001 Aum Shinrikyo auto-genocide Babbar Khalsa International al-Badhr Mujahideen Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich al-Banna, Sabri Basque Fatherland and Liberty Begin, Menachem Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich Beslan school hostage crisis bin Laden, Osama bin Mohammad biological agents Black Hand Black September Bombay, India, train bombings bonuses, for terrorist success/injury Bosnia, genocide in Brotherhood of Assassins Canada and the FLQ Carlos “the Jackal” censorship, of media concerning terrorist incidents Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Chechnya chemical weapons Chile, state terrorism in Christian Identity Movement Christian militia movements in the United States Christian Patriotism Colombia, narco-terrori