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This volume, one in a series, deals with the structure of developmental theory, recursive systems, children's iconic realism, the role of cognition in understanding gender effects, the development of processing speed in childhood and adolescence and more.
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ADVi4NCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR VOLUME 4 Contributors to This Volume Justin Aronfreed John M . Belmont Yvonne Brackbill Earl C. Butterfield David Elkind Hiram E. Fitzgerald Frances Degen Horowitz S. J. Hutt H . G. Lenard H . F. R. Prechtl ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR edited by Lewis P. Lipsitt Department of Psychology Brown University ProrTidence R Izodc Islotitl . Hayne W. Reese Department of Humoii 1)rwkptnent University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas VOLUME 4 @ 1969 0 COPYRIGHT 1969, BY ACADEMICPRESS, I N C . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART O F T H I S BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, W I T H O U T W R I T T E N PERMISSION FROM T H E PUB1,ISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. I I I Fifth Avenue, New YoiA. N e w Y o l k 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, I N C . ( L O N D O N ) LTD Be1 keley 5quaie H o u w , 1 ondon W I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARDNUMBER: 63-23237 P R I N T F D IN T H F U N I T F D STATES OF A M E R I C A List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the page\ on h h i c h the authors' contributions begin JUSTIN AKON FREED. Departin en i o f P s y clr o l o g y , l i t iiwr.sity of' Pt,iinsy lrw n ici Pi1 i l a d d p hia , P r nnsy 1vririiu ( 2 0 9 ) J O H N M . BELMONT, Department o f Psychology. Yiilc i l i i i ~ ~ c ~ r , s N i t yPv' MH, ( A v ( ~Cotinecticirt II, (29) Y V O N N E B R AC K B I L 1- . I Drprirttneiit of' Psychology, Uiii\~cr.sityof' D e m ~ r Dc.ri\~>r, , Colorado ( 173) EARL C. BUTTERFIELD. Uni17ersity O J ' K U ~ I SMdictil US Ci!titer,Kurisus C i t y , Kunsus ( 2 9 ) D A V I D ELKIND. Dcprirtinc~ntof Psychology, 7 1 i o Utiii~ersityof Rochester, R i w r Cumpir.s Sttr- tiori. Rochi>.siPr, Nctc, York ( I ) H l K A M E. FITZGEKALD. Drptirtinrnt of' Psychology. Mic.liigtin S t r i t e Uni\w.sity, East Ltinsing, M i c h i gun ( 1 7 3 ) F R A N C E S DEGEN HOROWI I % . Depurtment of Hikt?iuii Dc Iopnicrit, Uniwrsity qf' K a i m i s , Latt,retice, Kunsus (83) S. .I. HUTT,' Dt7p N rttnc>ii1 of' Ll c \.cJlopniciit ( i I N ~ i r r'logy, ( I/ ti ir*o.sity H o s p i t d , G rot1 iiigeii Thc Nctl1crIund.v ( I 2 7 ) ~ IPresent address: Ikpartment of O h t e t r i c s and Gynecologl . Georgetown University School o f Medicine. Washington. I). C'. 2Pre\ent address: St. Catherine's ( cillepe, and Human Development Research Unit, Pal-h Hospital foi- Chi Id (-en, 0 x loId. Ikglii [id. V H . G. LENARD," Deprirtrnent of Developmental Neurology, University Hospital. Groningen, The Netherlands ( 1 2 7 ) H . F. R. PRECHTL, Department of Der~eloprnetitalNeurolog.~. University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands ( 1 2 7 ) :'Pi-esent address: Universitits-Kinderklinik, Gottingeti, Germany. Preface The number of research and theoretical publications in the field of child development and behavior has increased enormously in recent years. The scientist and student are confronted with a formidable task in keeping abreast of new developments within their areas of specialization through the use of primary sources: moreover, the task of maintaining scholarly knowledge in secondary areas of interest by reading original sources is almost insurmountable. The serial publication of A t l r w n c r s