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ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS VOLUME 18 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics EDITEDBY L. MARTON National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C . Assistant Editor CLAIREMARTON EDITORIAL BOARD W. B. Nottingham T. E. Allibone E. R. Piore H. B. G. Casimir M. Ponte L. T. DeVore W. G. Dow A. Rose L. P. Smith A. 0. C . Nier VOLUME 18 1963 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT @ 1963, BY AcAuvniic P R E S S INC. ALL R I G H T S R E S E R V E D N O P A R T O F T H I S BOOR MAY B E R E P R O D U C E D I N ANY FORM, B Y PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, O R ANY O T H E R MEANS, W I T H O U T W R I T T E N PERMISSION FROM T H E P U B L I S H E R S . ACADEMIC PRESS INC. 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, New York United Kingdorri E d i t i o n published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: P R I N T E D I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S O F AMERICA 49-7504 CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 18 MANFRED A. BIONDI,Physics Departnzent, University of Pittsburgh and Westinghouse Reseawh Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania F. P. BROOKS, JR., International Business Machine Corp., Pouyhkeepsie, N e w Yorli DAVIDP. KENNEDY, International Business Afachine COTp., Poughkeepsie, New York F. LENZ,Institute of Applied Physics, University, Tubingen, Germany G. MOLLENSTEDT, Institute of Applied Physics, Unilrersity, Tubingen, Germany F. E. ROACH,Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado V This Page Intentionally Left Blank For the best part of a year now your editor and associate editor have been in Europe, where many opportunities arose to establish new contacts and renew the old ones. The result is twofold: we gained new insight into contemporary European research in electronics and electrophysics and were able t o secure the collaboration of many colleagues to future volumes of Advances. A hearty welcome to our new contributors! As in the past years I should like to list here the authors of future reviews and the tentative titles of their contributions : G. Broussaud and J. C. Simon G. Birnbaum K. L. Bowles J. F. Dennisse M. Knoll and R. W. Schon J. L. Jackson and R. A. Piccirelli K. G. Emeleus R. G. Fowler L. S. Chernov S. H. Autler L. A. Russell J. W. Herbstreit J. Kistemaker and C. Snoek G. K. Wehner P. Grivet, and L. Malnar D. B. Medved M. Nalecz H. Raether D. de Klerk Endfire Antennae Light Optical Masers Scattering in the Upper Atmosphere Radioastronomy Biological Effects of Atmospheric Ions Cooperative Phenomena Plasma Oscillations Electrons as a Hydrodynamical Fluid Microwavc Applications of Plasma Cryogenic Magnets High Speed Magnetic Core Memory Technology Tropospheric Propagation Atoms Produced in Sputtering Experiments Cathode Sputtering Weak Field Magnetometers Electron Ejection from Solids by Atom and Ion Impact Hall Effect and its Technical Applications Gas Discharge Phenomena High Magnetic Field Other subjects, on which conversations are more tentative, comprise : magnetohydrodynamics, thermionic emission, noise in semiconductors, superconductivity, and others. I wish to express again my heartfelt thanks to all those whose collaboration makes these volumes possible. L. MARTON Sorbonne, Paris, July, 1963 vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 18. . . . . . . . . V FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . vii . . .