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About half of the global burden of disease is due to chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, which are all related to modifiable risk factors such as unbalanced diet and malnutrition as well as determinants such as behavior and lifestyle. Dietary patterns during the last few decades have undergone a general shift towards high energy density and fatty foods combined with a low proportion of plant components. The resulting diet profile has proven inadequate to meet the physiological needs of a healthy human life.A comprehensive and highly valuable source of knowledge for all professionals interested in the underlying causes of today's major health challenges, this publication gives an in-depth view of the various methods of monitoring and addressing this precarious situation: impact of gender and age on eating behavior, role of a vegetarian lifestyle, processed and fortified foods, organic foods, ethnic food culture, an
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Diet Diversification and Health Promotion Forum of Nutrition Vol. 57 Series Editor Ibrahim Elmadfa Vienna European Academy of Nutritional Sciences (EANS) Conference Vienna, May 14–15, 2004 Diet Diversification and Health Promotion Volume Editor Ibrahim Elmadfa Vienna 28 figures and 45 tables, 2005 Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · Bangalore · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney Ibrahim Elmadfa Institute of Nutritional Sciences University of Vienna Vienna, Austria Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diet diversification and health promotion / volume editor, Ibrahim Elmadfa. p. ; cm. – (Forum of nutrition, ISSN 1660-0347 ; v. 57) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-8055-7872-5 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Nutrition–Europe. 2. Food habits–Europe. 3. Diet–Europe. 4. Food–Europe. 5. Health promotion–Europe. 6. Health behavior–Europe. [DNLM: 1. Diet–Europe. 2. Food–Europe. 3. Health Behavior–Europe. 4. Health Promotion–Europe. 5. Nutrition–Europe.] I. Elmadfa, I. II. Series. RA784.D537 2005 363.8⬘5⬘094–dc22 2004026717 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher © Copyright 2005 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISSN 1660–0347 ISBN 3–8055–7872–5 Contents VII Preface 1 Fat Intake, Diet Variety and Health Promotion Elmadfa, I.; Freisling, H. (Vienna) 11 Mixed Diet in Europe. A Historical Overview Spiekermann, U. (Göttingen) 36 Influences on Food Choice and Dietary Behavior Shepherd, R. (Surrey) 44 Age and Gender Dependent Profile of Food Choice Westenhoefer, J. (Hamburg) 52 Diversification in Indigenous and Ethnic Food Culture Wahlqvist, M.L. (Melbourne) 62 Organic Foods: