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The application of X-rays to objects of archaeology and the attempt to gain insight into both construction and chemical composition in a non-destructive manner date back to the days of the discovery of radiation. Nowadays, X-ray techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence and diffraction are standard tools.
The book contains scientific data, i.e. in situ measurement data taken with portable XRF and XRD, and fine data taken with accelerating ion beams and synchrotron radiations, and with their explanation. Results obtained by traditional scientific methods are also reviewed. The book contains experimental data taken both from monuments in the field and exhibits in museums, i.e. ancient Egyptian wall painting pigments, ancient Egyptian wooden statues, ancient Egyptian mummies, ancient Greek funerary monuments, Cypriot ceramics, Medieval, Lyubliana and Venetian glass, Romanian ceramics, ancient Near East clay, old Japanese porcelain, pre-Hispanic items from ancient America, ancient Chinese underglaze-red, blue and white porcelain, Chinese celadon, Phoenician cosmetics, glazes, ancient gold and silver coins, gold jewelleries, gold alloys, corroded metals, gemstones (ruby, emerald and garnet), painting pigments, pottery, bronze, obsidian, stucco, turquoise, and so on. This discussion between natural scientists and archaeologists predicts the future direction of archaeology.
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X-RAYS FOR ARCHAEOLOGY X-rays for Archaeology Edited by M. UDA Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan G. DEMORTIER Namur University, Namur, Belgium and I. NAKAI University of Tokyo, Japan A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13 1-4020-3580-2 (HB) 978-1-4020-3580-7 (HB) 1-4020-3581-0 (e-book) 978-1-4020-3581-4 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springeronline.com Cover shows an image of the tomb of Amenhotep III in Egypt. Photo courtesy of Masayuki Uda. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. Table of contents Foreword ix Part I In-situ Measurements Chapter I-1 Characterization of Pigments Used in Ancient Egypt M. Uda Chapter I-2 Importance of in-situ EDXRF Measurements in the Preservation and Conservation of Material Culture A.G. Karydas, X. Brecoulaki, Th. Pantazis, E. Aloupi, V. Argyropoulos, D. Kotzamani, R. Bernard, Ch. Zarkadas and Th.Paradellis Chapter I-3 Scientific Field Research in Egypt -Results from research undertaken by the Institute of Egyptology, Waseda UniversitySakuji Yoshimura 3 27 55 Part II Use of Ion Beam Chapter II-1 Ion Beam Techniques for the Non-destructive Analysis of Archaeological Materials Guy Demortier Chapter II-2 The Origin of Ancient Gemstones Unveiled by PIXE, PIGE and µ-Raman Spectrometry pectrometry T. Calligaro Chapter II-3 Investigations of Medieval Glass by a Combined PIXE/PIGE Method Glassmaking à façon de Venise Ž. Šmit and M. Kos v 67 101 113 vi Chapter II-4 PIXE Analysis of pre-Hispanic Items from Ancient America J.L. Ruvalcada Sil Chapter II-5 PIXE Study on Chinese Underglaze-Red Porcelain Made in Yuan Dynasty H.S.Cheng, Z.Q.Zhang, E.K.Lin, Y.P.Huang Chapter II-6 Glassmaking in the Venetian Manner Mateja Kos and Žiga Š