Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices: Introduction To Physics And Simulation

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Optoelectronics has become an important part of our lives. Wherever light is used to transmit information, tiny semiconductor devices are needed to transfer electrical current into optical signals and vice versa. Examples include light emitting diodes in radios and other appliances, photodetectors in elevator doors and digital cameras, and laser diodes that transmit phone calls through glass fibers. Such optoelectronic devices take advantage of sophisticated interactions between electrons and light. Nanometer scale semiconductor structures are often at the heart of modern optoelectronic devices. Their shrinking size and increasing complexity make computer simulation an important tool to design better devices that meet ever rising perfomance requirements. The current need to apply advanced design software in optoelectronics follows the trend observed in the 1980's with simulation software for silicon devices. Today, software for technology computer-aided design (TCAD) and electronic design automation (EDA) represents a fundamental part of the silicon industry. In optoelectronics, advanced commercial device software has emerged recently and it is expected to play an increasingly important role in the near future. This book will enable students, device engineers, and researchers to more effectively use advanced design software in optoelectronics. * Provides fundamental knowledge in semiconductor physics and in electromagnetics, while helping to understand and use advanced device simulation software * Demonstrates the combination of measurements and simulations in order to obtain realistic results and provides data on all required material parameters * Gives deep insight into the physics of state-of-the-art devices and helps to design and analyze of modern optoelectronic devices

E-Book Content

Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices Introduction to Physics and Simulation Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices Introduction to Physics and Simulation JOACHIM PIPREK University of California at Santa Barbara Amsterdam San Diego Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2002111026 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-557190-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 02 03 04 05 06 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Lisa Contents Preface xi List of Tables xiii I Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to Semiconductors 1.1 Electrons, Holes, Photons, and Phonons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Fermi distribution and density of states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 5 7 2 Electron energy bands 2.1