Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices Introduction to Physics and Simulation Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices Introduction to Physics and Simulation JOACHIM PIPREK University of California at Santa Barbara Amsterdam San Diego Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail:
[email protected] You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Academic Press An imprint of Elsevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2002111026 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-557190-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 02 03 04 05 06 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Lisa Contents Preface xi List of Tables xiii I Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to Semiconductors 1.1 Electrons, Holes, Photons, and Phonons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Fermi distribution and density of states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 5 7 2 Electron energy bands 2.1